A Psychological Viewpoint on Memento - 846 Words

Memento is an American psychological thriller adapted from a short story, Memento Mori written by James Nolan. The story displays the life of Leonard Shelby. Shelby has anterograde Amnesia brought about by an injury to his head. He suffered this injury while confronting two people who attacked his wife at their home in the middle of the night. Leonard kills one of the attackers during the attack, although the second one escapes. Due to the injury and resultant amnesia, the last thing Leonard remembers is his wife dying. He is unable to remember new information after that day. The movie shows how he devotes his life to finding and killing the second attacker. The movie uses a unique presentation style where the director starts with a†¦show more content†¦This focus seemed to motivate him to carry on, and gave him a purpose to live. Problem Shelby, suffers from a rare form of amnesia which makes him incapable of creating new memories. Any bit of information he learns since his injury must be recorded or will be quickly forgotten. Due to his memory problem, he would often find himself lost at places. He’d ask himself questions like â€Å"Why am I here?† or â€Å"What was I doing?† He often made errors in judgment if the information or clues available to him were incomplete. He was also slightly paranoid; he didn’t trust new people and avoided new situations. This is why he had no social life and only a couple of people he could trust. Since his condition prevents him from creating new memories Leonard uses a clever system of Notes, Polaroid photos, and Tattoos to record clues which may lead him to finding the man who killed his wife. Every morning he would wake up and the body tattoos will remind him of what happened and what his mission is. He will use post it notes, polaroid pictures to rec onstruct what he was doing and what he needs to do today. He followed some simple rules – focus on the objective and take short notes and picture of relevant clues after key events. But the fact that Shelby was aware of his condition made life even more challenging. Since he was AWARE of his condition he forced himself to live a very structured routine; every morning he’d wake up study and observe his bodyShow MoreRelatedThe Convention of a Thriller Film Essay1737 Words   |  7 Pagescomprised of three main parts: order and normality, then something happens where disorder occurs and finally equilibrium is restored, usually by a hero. Thrillers can be divided into countless categories, i.e., action thrillers, psychological thrillers, millitary thrillers, spy thrillers, and the list goes on. Its easier to recognise a thriller than to describe it. There are some general characteristics that most have. They usually include a plot that concerns life or deathRead More Combining Thrilling and Killing:Use of Violence in Psychological Thrillers2779 Words   |  12 PagesCombining Thrilling and Killing:Use of Violence in Psychological Thrillers As we speak, there is a man holding a gun to the back of your head. The cold muzzle stings the tender skin of your scalp and blood trickles to the floor from where the handcuffs have cut into your wrists. Your heart, sensing death approaching, struggles in vain to slip through its cage of ribs and run screaming into the night, much like how the scream just behind your eyes makes your vision blur and muscles twitchRead MoreFamily Harmony1979 Words   |  8 Pagesand regulations have some difference. Husband and wife both may credit love, friendship, Hospitality, Adjustment, Sacrifice, more help and mutual understanding in this account. These are the investments. Presenting various surprise gifts, mementos are F.D in this account. In every investment and F.D, the credit will multiply and balance will be very high. In any time, anyone may debit any small amount by way of using hard words, Criticism, acquiescing, quarrelling, act out of way ofRead More The Relationship of Photographs, History, and Memory Essay5378 Words   |  22 Pagesinevitably every photograph is a certificate of presence (1981, 87), and photographs anticipate the decisive moment of convergence, when the past meets reality. For Susan Sontag (1973, 15) such a convergence is a reminder that all photographs are memento mori, and she adds that to take a photograph is to participate in another persons mortality, vulnerability, mutability. Under these circumstances the practice of photography becomes an intensely personal experience that exposes photographer and

As we know there a lot of homeless people in Los Angeles....

As we know there a lot of homeless people in Los Angeles. Each year the population of homelessness grows each day. Homelessness is an issue because it affects the community. The cause of people might be because the made a bad choice and at the end they regret it. After being homeless, they can imagine having a great job or career, owing a house and their own property they want to have wealthy lives again like they had before being homeless. Homeless people wanted to bring back their lives as one piece. People who have become homeless might have lost their jobs causing them to be homeless. Los Angeles County last April, her benefits of three hundred and fifty five was suspended on October after EDD did not respond to her requests to†¦show more content†¦When being in an addiction it is hard for them to stop they have a hard time to control themselves. I think that the person who is facing an addiction they can get help from people or recourses they are needed the causes of ad diction and help men and women overcome their addiction. Domestic violence nationally is fifty percent of homeless women and children are fleeing domestic violence. When a woman is abused she faces a crisis of safety. If she stays in the home she’ll Beaton again. If she leaves she’ll have little support choosing homeless over abuse is both and brave frightening decisions. I think when a women or a guy faces the cause of domestic violence with homeless it is an issue that a person faces because in can be frightening going through a tough moment. When it comes to be homeless there are teens who become homeless not just adults. When the adults were once teens they might have had an issue where at a certain point they became homeless as well. Teens often become so due to family conflicts. They’re kicked out or choose to run away over issues of drug/alcohol addiction, physical abuse, sexual orientation or teen pregnancy. Mental illness can play a significant role in teen homelessness just as it does in adults. Teens in foster care often end a sad situation in which many feel alone or abandoned. A homeless person is most often a deeply hurting person. By the time they come to a homelessness organization for help, they’ve burnedShow MoreRelatedLending a Helping Hand Essay902 Words   |  4 PagesWhile riding down the street do you ever see homeless people? Do you stop and stare or act as if they don’t exist? If you’re the type of person who acts as if they were not there; well the fact is that they do and there are many homeless people worldwide. Often a homeless person is suffering from starvation or they are mentally ill. Some of these homeless people do not have the choice of being homeless or if not it may be the governments fault. That’s because they constantly raise the prices of thingsRead MoreArgumentative Essay : Am I A Criminal?2178 Words   |  9 Pagesspace, cities are continuing to penalize people forced to live on the streets and in public spaces and in addition include criminal penalties for violations of these laws. Instead of criminalizing the homeless and wasting millions of dollars, we should unite with advocates that are going to help protect those living on the streets and go head to head with those laws that strongly discriminate against the homeless. As human beings we can be selfish and we do not really care about matters that haveRead MorePoverty Between Poverty And Poverty Essay2121 Words   |  9 PagesPoverty in America is severe. One third of our population lives under the poverty line. The poverty line being a family of three or more surviving on $36,000 or less. This transfers to 20.5 million people. Seven million of these people being women with children. 6.7% of our population has an income less than 9,000 for a family of three. These numbers are astounding and they are only on the rise. This means that more families are going without food. This means more children are starving and gettingRead MoreWhat America Is Doing About the Homeless4088 Words   |  17 Pagesones life. Homelessness can happen to anyone at any given moment in their life for over a hundred different reasons. It does not even have to be their fault. For this reason exactly is why Americans should consider this a major crisis today. The amount of people becoming homeless in America is constantly growing. Although some people can get out of being homeless pretty quickly, more and more people are becoming homeless every day, and the more people that become homeless, the more people crowd theRead MoreAngela Davis : The Greatest Philosopher Of All Time1886 Words   |  8 PagesAngela wanted to be a pediatrician. She applied to two programs in her junior year of high school, one at Fisk University in Nashville, TN and the other thru the American Friends Service Committee that placed black students from southern cities in integrated schools in northern cities. She was accepted into both programs and chose the one farthest north to escape the hostile southern climate. Angela like most young black people was very effected by the race relations in America. Growing up in a segregatedRead MoreNavigating Our Mental Health Problem5632 Words   |  23 Pagesbe discussed, followed by how we got to our current situation with a lack of treatment and an epidemic of mentally ill homeless people as well as, how the police are trained, or not trained and what can be done to improve upon it, and how our military funding has failed our veterans. Then the paper will take a look at how stigma has shaped how the public views mental illness, and how it shaped the writers young life. Navigating Our Mental Health Problem People with mental health issues are unfairlyRead MoreEssay about On Suburvanization and the Invention of the City2981 Words   |  12 Pagesshould use Crabgrass Frontier to explain how changes in the variables lead to changes in rents in von Thà ¼nen’s Model, as well as how annexation and development play into the story.) (100 points) Suburbanization is where there is a migration of people from what is considered the city to the areas outside of it. Its prominence can be seen in two major waves. The height of streetcars sparked the first suburbanization revolution where they allowed for accessibility to areas outside of the city.Read MoreAbstract: Strategic Contingency Planning23625 Words   |  95 Pagesorganization, its people and its assets. Various estimates of failure rates of businesses after a disaster abound. While there is no way to confirm these statistics, they seem to suggest that contingency planning will improve the odds of an organization’s survival. Due to the fear of terrorist attacks, cyber crime, pandemics and the increasing costs of natural disasters, more organizations than ever before are considering contingency planning to help protect their people, assets, and facilities

Women Have Equal Rights, By Katy Perry, Nicki Minaj,...

Recently throughout the United States and other countries, there has been a sudden epiphany that women should be treated just as fairly as men. This is a shocking notion, indeed. How dare women have equal rights; what is this the twenty-first century? Lately, feminists everywhere have been supporting their fellow women and pushing for equality. They have taken to the streets and have marched so their cause can be heard, and even the media has been showing its support for the ladies out there, striving to make things right. Music artists such as Katy Perry, Nicki Minaj, Beyoncà ©, and Taylor Swift have been supportive of this new wave of feminism, releasing songs that have strong and suggestive lyrics about female independence. Also, the popular online social networks, like Twitter and Instagram, have been depicting celebrities supporting the â€Å"Treat boys and girls the same† campaign, which pushes for impartiality for girls and boys, starting from a young age. With all of this mass media attention, it is sure to spark up some reform; and it has. Journalists Rina Chandran and Bibhudatta Pradhan’s article â€Å"India s Women s Vote Becomes More Independent†, of the Bloomberg Business newspaper, has recently discussed how women in India have begun to defy traditional gender roles and vote in the recent elections. Even though these women have been taught to obey their husbands’ every command, some have decided to defy this conditioning and vote, even against their husbands’ wishes.

Stereotypes Has The Role Of Peter Dinklage Progressed

Austin Oller Professor XXX Class Abreviation and Number 17 November 2014 Stereotypes: Has the Role of Peter Dinklage Progressed? In 1952 theorist Frantz Fanon wrote The Fact of Blackness, an article that illustrations the struggles of being an African- American in then modern-day America. Fanon suggested African Americans live with a prescribed stereotype of â€Å"blackness†. Because of the color of their skin, African- Americans have an image created for them. Due to this prescription, many individuals are unable to create their own persona. Fanon states that a black person is the slave of his or her own image. Today, there are many other stereotypes being placed on people just like blackness was placed on the African American community.†¦show more content†¦The most common type, called Achondroplasia is the cause of about 70 percent of all dwarfism. It makes your arms and legs shorter than that of your torso. Achondroplasia affects about 1 in 15,000 to 1 in 40,000 live births. To understand Fanon one must look back to the beginning of the cinema. Stereotypes were prevalent in movies since the beginning of the cinema. One of the first movies to show a stereotypes was the 1915 silent film Birth of a Nation. In the D.W. Griffith film the African American plays the stereotypical slave of the south after the civil war. In the article Hollywood, Black Animation, and the Problem of Representation, author Jennifer L. Barker shares a statement about her voice about black stereotypes: â€Å"Since the early twentieth century, critics, filmmakers, and actors such as W.E.B. Du Bois, Clarence Muse, Sidney Poitier, Spike Lee, and Henry Louis Gates Jr. have argued for various approaches to representing African Americans in film, and it is unlikely that this conversation will become simpler or more unified in the near future. In fact, conversations are bound to become more complex as the nature of racial identity in America has become more heterogeneous in the last few decades†. The image of â€Å"Blackness† was very prevalent in the classical Hollywood Period. Often depicted as mammies, coons or uncle toms during this period. In Boogle’s book Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, and Bucks he writes

Law and Order Situation Free Essays

The Islamic Republic of Pakistan came into being on August 14, 1947. Pakistan has a strategic location in South Asia, surrounded by India, China, Afghanistan and Iran. Pakistan has a total area of 803,940 sq. We will write a custom essay sample on Law and Order Situation or any similar topic only for you Order Now km and an estimated population of 170 million. Pakistan is a federation, with four federating units, called Provinces, namely, Punjab, Sindh, North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) and Baluchistan. The capital is Islamabad, and the tribal belt adjoining the NWFP is managed by the Federal Government and is know as FATA i. e; Federally Administered Tribal Areas.Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas have their own political system, yet certain of their subjects are taken care of by the Federal Government through the Ministry of Kashmir Affairs and Northern Areas. The Provinces are further divided into Divisions and Districts. The basic administrative unit is a district, being governed by the District Nazim, popularly elected, who is supported by a senior civil officer called District Coordination Officer (DCO) and the District Police Officer (DPO) in the smooth running of the local government, rather a new system introduced by the President Pervez Musharraf regime in 2000 and 2002. Pakistan has a parliamentary form of government, and the Parliament consists of two Houses, i. e; the Senate (Upper House), giving equal representation to all Provinces, and the national Assembly (Lower House), representing the nation on population and direct adult voting system. The Senate is a permanent legislative body and consists of 100 members. The National Assembly has a total of 342 elected members (272 general seats, 60 women seats and 10 non-muslims (minority) seats). The President is the Head of State and the Prime Minister is the Head of Government.The Provinces have their own Provincial Assemblies, the Chief Minister, and a Governor, who is a nominee of the Federal Government through the President of Pakistan. Pakistan has enormous importance due to her strategic location; her being the front line state during the Soviet invasion on Afghanistan (1979-1988), and now a front line of defence and a staunch ally of the Allied Nations in the global war on terror. Pakistan has tremendous human and natural resources, excellent minds and brains, beautiful historical places, arts and literature, and has been contributing to the world peace and progress hrough various international forums, like UN and its Agencies, OIC , SAARC and other international organizations of which Pakistan is a member .The literacy rate is 53% the national language is Urdu and the official language is English; 97% population is muslims and 3% minority (Christian, Hindus, and others). Annual per capita income is $ 736; population growth rate is 1. 29 and the life expectancy is 64. About 65% population is in urban area. However, the UNDP Index for Pakistan is at a lower rank due to some of her poor socio-economic indicators. Many more details about Pakistan could be found on her official website www. gov. k , and its various ministries and departments. LAW AND ORDER SITUATION IN PAKISTAN: After 9/11, the US/Nato forces invaded and bombard the Afghan nation, sometimes indiscriminately, which led to the desired goal of destruction of Taliban rule in Afghanistan, but in addition, gave rise to a lot of internal and external problems for Pakistan: the economy, internal security environment and social tranquility jolted badly due to such problems. The spill-over effect of Taliban from Afghanistan into the tribal belt of Pakistan has been under continuous discussion in the western media and US administration, both civilian and military departments.Right from the every day reports of various research institutes in USA and news stories of Washington Post, the New York Times, etc to the well-researched analysis and reports of EUROPOL (TE-SAT,EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report , 2008) and Council on Foreign Relations report on ‘Securing Pakistan’s Tribal Belt (Daniel Mark ey, 2008), Pakistan remains in the mainstream of our debate on war on terror. Pakistan has deployed more than 90,000 security forces on the Pakistani side of Afghan border, with more than 900 check points to stop cross border movement of Afghan-Taliban and other miscreants.Pakistan received a death toll of 1200 security forces in tribal areas during the ongoing war on terror and hundreds of civilians and police in the settled/urban districts. A cascade of suicide attacks in 2007 horribly terrorized the nation and literally pardysed the local administration. The general public has greater grievances against the western nations, especially the USA which alongwith Nato forces carries out unnecessary airstrikes on Pakistan tribal areas, on the pretext of ‘actionanble-intelligence’ against Al-Qaeda stalwarts, the results of which have never been tangible and visible.Rather, the illiterate tribal people and other population of the country take it for unwarranted instigation and looking for lame excuses to attack Pakistan’s tribal territories, most often, allegedly pushed by some unfriendly elements. Pakistan’s tribal areas (seven Tribal Agencies and six Frontier Regions) are usually described by the US as ‘safe-haven’ for Al-Qaeda, which is strongly rebutted by the government and general masses.There might be some Afghan-Taliban elements in these areas, who might have been hiding in the rugged mountains of the tribal belt, but it is not acceptable that they can visibly operates or organize their activities in any part therein. The US/Nato airstikes on Pakistan’s tribal areas have never been a success in chasing and hitting any high valued target so far. All their claims are debated and challenged. Some times innocent children, women and Pakistan’s security forces are hit and killed, as often happen in Afghanistan as a result of ‘unintentional’ and ‘friendly fire’!Unfortunately, no one has undeniable facts and figures about the various kinds of Taliban and there is no good research about their organization, structure, style finances, strength, weaknesses and gradual infiltration, tactical retreat and resurgence. This development at the international scene has made things worse for the Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) in the country, especially the police who have never been trained and equipped to deal with terrorist activities suicide bombing and IEDs. The unofficial statistics for terrorist activities are much higher than the official figures.However, we still rely on the statistics provided by the National Police Bureau in its report on National Public Safety Commission. Figure-I gives a details of these terrorist activities and bomb blasts a nd the passage below gives a comprehensive account of all other recorded and cognizable crimes through out the country. Figure-I As many as 537866 cases were registered in the country during 2006 as compared to 447745 cases recorded during 2005 thereby showing an increase of 90111 (20. 1%) cases. Punjab registered a rise of 66306 (24%) cases, Sindh 10520 (22. %) cases; NWFP 11612 (11. 2%) cases, Baluchistan 1137 (16. 9%) cases, Islamabad 556 (14. 7%) cases and AJK 376 (7. 9%) cases. However, there was a decrease of 159 (5. 5%) cases recorded by Railways police, and 237 (12. 8%) cases in Northern Areas. †¢ Murder: showed a rise of 266 (2. 7%) cases in the country including 22 (0. 4%) cases in Punjab; 151 (8. 2%) cases in Sindh; 50 (2. 3%) cases in NWFP; 34 (11. 7%) cases in Baluchistan and 38 (48. 7%) cases in AJK while there was a decrease of 34 (26. 8%) cases in Northern Areas. †¢ Attempt to Murder: rose by 691 (5. %) cases in the country; 371 (5. 2%) cases in Punjab; 143 (5. 9%) cases in Sindh; 102 (3. 9%) cases in NWFP; 64 (22. 1%) cases in Baluchistan; 31 (29. 2%) cases in Islamabad and 32 (9. 3%) cases in AJK while there occurred a decrease of 59 (42. 1 %) cases in Northern Areas. †¢ Rioting: showed a rise of 710 (22. 4%) cases in the country including 30 (19. 7%) cases in Punjab; 486 (21. 5%) cases in Sindh; 93 (30. 2%) cases in Baluchistan and 126 (40. 5%) cases in AJK while there was a fell of 22 (23. 4%) cases in Northern Areas. Assault on Public Servants: increased by 700 (21%) cases in the country including 235 (19. 1%) cases in Punjab; 409 (31. 1%) cases in Sindh; 21 (5. 9%) cases in NWFP; 8 (5. 4%) cases in Baluchistan and 45 (42. 1%) cases in AJK while there occurred a decrease of 10 (10. 6%) cases in Northern Areas. †¢ Zina: crime recorded under this head rose by 116 (5. 8%) cases in the country; 80 (5. 7%) cases in Punjab; 60 (30. 8%) cases in Sindh and 11 (15. 3%) cases in Islamabad while there was a fall of 13 (19. 7%) cases in Baluchistan and 14 (66. 7%) cases in Northern Areas. Kidnapping/Abduction: showed an increase of 1320 (15%) cases in the country; 1052 (15. 3%) cases in Punjab; 98 (7. 7%) cases in Sindh: 52 (11. 5%) cases in NWFP; 53 (59. 6%) cases id Baluchistan; 8 (72. 7%) cases in Islamabad. 12 (100%) in Northern Areas and 50 (44. 6%) cases in AJK. †¢ Kidnapping for Ransom: rose by 70 (32. 3%) cases in the country including 23 (20. 5%) cases in Punjab; 23 (36. 5%) cases in Sindh; 21 (77. 8%) cases in NWFP and 4 (50%) cases in Baluchistan. †¢ Suicide: showed a rise of 24 (14. 6%) cases in the country.There was an increase of 9 (225%) cases in Punjab and 15(11. 1%) cases in Sindh. †¢ Highway Dacoity: increased by 20 (21. 3%) cases in the country. There was an increase of 12 (54. 5%) cases in Sindh and 8 (100%) cases in Baluchistan. †¢ Other Dacoity: increased by 478 (21. 1%) cases in the country including 247 (16. 7%) cases in Punjab; 207 (30. 1%) cases in Sindh; 22 (78. 6%) cases in Baluchistan and 12 (100%) cases in Islamabad. †¢ Highway Robbery: rose by 63 (41. 2%) cases in the country; 43 (34. 4%) cases in Punjab; 10 (76. 9%) cases in Sindh and 10 cases in NWFP. Other Robbery: showed a rise of 2411 (19. 7%) cases in the country; 1640 (18. 7%) cases in Punjab; 722 (23. 8%) cases in Sindh and 70 (89. 7%) cases in Islamabad while there occurred a decrease of 16 (11. 9%) cases in NWFP and 7(11. 5%) cases in AJK. †¢ Motor Vehicle Theft/Snatching: increased by 3056 (18. 7%) cases in the country including 1587 (16. 6%) cases in Punjab; 1107 (20. 9%) cases in Sindh; 64 (12. 6%) cases in NWFP; 181 (41%) cases in Baluchistan; 93 (22. 9%) cases in Islamabad; 11 (57. 9%) cases in Northern Areas and 9 (10. 2%) cases in AJK. How to cite Law and Order Situation, Essays

Considerable Business Progress Business Industry

Question: Describe about the Considerable Business Progress for Business Industry. Answer: Problem 1 Science has made considerable progress in industrial uses of materials and how to manipulate basic processes to create the same things faster and better with more efficiency. The inherent needs to change the way existing things are done are part of the Process engineering. It involves building a model of a process (usually multi-step, parallel or series operations) usually industrial, managerial and engineering related. Administratively, streamlining the work-flow, effective use of information technology and software helps in savings administrative heavy lifting. All this reduced time of employees time in ineffective and non-productive jobs helps in saving effort which can be utilized for other productive activities (Northington, 2011). This will reduce the man-power requirement where maybe 2 people were required, 1 person might suffice. This competitiveness in labor requirement will create a chain reaction of savings on materials required, efforts utilized, automation and time saved. Staying lean in cost and agility to change helps in creating newer products by adapting to the environment. Lean strategy has been historically associated with manufacturing and has now shown its use along the value chain right from sales to logistics, product design, development, manufacturing, purchasing, administration and back to sales. This holistic approach is becoming known as Lean Business (Needles Power, 2013). The important factor is the companys ability to work faster and reduce process time. For this, the companys cycle time is a significant, and a complex process that starts from the time a vendor ships materials to the company to the point when the company moves the final product to the customer. (Brealey et. al, 2011). This measurement of number of units of material received, goods produced and shipped in a certain period of time is called the cycle time and indicates the general efficiency of the supply chain. There are several linked parts in a companys cycle time: Production cycle time this is measured as the total time taken in the production of a product Order processing - this is the time taken for processing an order Cash-to-cash cycle time this is the time needed to plough back the financial investments A companys ability to convert manufacturing costs to profits is tested by an extended cycle time. To maintain an efficient and agile supply chain, a short cycle time is required. Once can say a productivity loss is happening when there is wastage of resources, cost overruns, unfavourable customer experiences and less success in the market. Cycle time is an important performance metric and reveals insights into efficient and inefficient supply chain processes.. The length of a cycle time is determined by both internal and external factors. Some of the controllable factors for improving cycle time are capacity constraints, labor, manufacturing congestion, and inventory surplus, quality of the product, and schedule flexibility and management (Charles, 2012). iii. Increased speed of processes can create challenges in controlling the results and ongoing control of errors. It is important while process re-engineering those new processes takes the time to come under strict control and supervision and can create the problem of non-compliance. The introduction of business process reengineering involves re-thinking and re-designing of business processes for achieving improvements in critical measures of performance-time, quality, and cost, and focuses on optimizing organizational performance by setting and monitoring service performance standards (Parrino et. al, 2012). Like other reforms before, it might not be easily accepted by all staff and adoption and implementation of quality reforms might not improve the level of service quality and customer satisfaction. Many other potential problems might arise such as one department may be rationalized at the expense of another, there might be less time to focus on improving business process and there might be lack of recognition of the extent of the problem. Many times there is a serious lack in training. People involved use the best and easiest tool they have at their disposal and there might be lack of infrastructure. Also, overly bureaucratic processes and lack of motivation in the organization will cause a lot of issues in accepting increased speeds of processes. Lack of control will create errors and might affect the dependability and reliability of products which will, in turn, affect the brand name. Problem 2 For calculating the costs for both factories, absorption costing method is used. This takes into account both the direct costs (or variable costs such as labor, material) and indirect costs (or fixed costs such as machinery, land). This is complete cost of producing a finished good. Since both factories are using the same method of costing, they can be directly compared. For producing the same product, the Brisbane factory is presumably costing less. We deduct that by the fact that the finished good balance has grown and that means they are able to produce more in that much of money. However, a point to be noted here is that it might also be an indication that the Brisbane factory is not able to push out the finished goods for sale and the inventory is piling up (Libby et. al, 2011). This is also a bad sign that perhaps the market is not doing well, or the sales force is not working up to the mark and the production needs to be reduced in Brisbane. For checking this Steve Smith should check the inventory cycle and determine if the production is exceeding or the sales have reduced. Even after this, this factory has reported a net profit and hence the Brisbane manager is entitled to a bonus. The reasons for the net profit can be either low-cost or reduced sales. T his needs to be investigated. In the Adelaide factory, there is zero net profit which means either the costs are very high or the sales are not getting pushed enough. However, we know that the finished inventory fell so it indicates more towards high costs. It may well serve Steve Smith to analyze the variable costs of both the factories along with the fixed costs. This might show some unique differences in the operating environment of both the cities concerning land, labor costs. Problem 3 Under the Standard Costing method a company keeps an expected amount of costs for each expense and records the actual as variances from this standard amount. This concept of variance helps in bringing the quick attention of the management to the areas which are exceeding the expected costs and quick steps can be taken to control them (Lanen et. al, 2008). The company has a set standard cost of material and labor. Since the material variances were favorable, i.e the actual costs incurred on materials were less than the standard costs expected, there have been savings in this regard. However, in the case of labor variances, the actual costs incurred were far more than the expected standard costs (unfavourable labor variances). This shows an increase in labor costs. Now if both of these variances set-off each other, then will not be much difference in the total cost. If the variance of the material cost is greater than the variance of the labor cost, the total cost will reduce and if the variance of the labor cost is more than the material cost, the overall cost will increase (Williams, 2012). Usually, there are two kinds of variance under an expense. For eg. If we talk about material costs it comprises of Quantity of material * Cost of each material unit. Similarly, for labor additional information of Number of labor * Cost of each labor is needed. Once the break-up of these costs is available into units used and cost per unit, the management can determine if the labor being employed is more or materials being used are more or the per unit cost of employing one labor has increased or the per unit cost of material has increased (Horngren Frost, 2008). The standard cost of a finished product is the sum of the standard costs of the inputs: Direct material Direct labor Manufacturing overhead Variable manufacturing overhead Fixed manufacturing overhead This will help in looking for alternative materials or increasing the efficiency of the labor employed. Thus the input quantity and per unit cost is one information that will be most useful for management. Problem 4 Computation and showcase of the variable cost: Budget A Budget B Overhead - Variables Rs. 60000 Rs. 75000 selling and administrative expense (Variable) Rs. 60000 Rs. 60000 Direct Materials Rs. 260,000 Rs. 3,60,000 Direct Labor Rs. 40,000 Rs.60,000 Total (i) Rs. 4,20,000 Rs. 5,55,000 Units in total (ii) 20000 30000 per unit cost ( i/ii) Rs. 21 per unit Rs. 18.50 per unit The variable cost in Budget B stands lower as compared to Budget A. Budget B pertains to the senior management while that of lower and middle management is higher. A bottom-up approach is indicated from the preparation of Budget A. This indicates that the lower and middle management follows this approach. The management has a strong grasp of the internal factors (Albrecht et. al, 2011). The lower and middle management takes care of the activities that pertain to the operation and hence, the material cost runs in a higher form. The cost of material is predicted and hence they are chiefly engaged for the increment in cost. The top level management is the target for increasing the profit, as well as sales of the company. This indicates that the management is heading for strong labor arrangement, work completion and grouping the variable overheads. However, in the process of the budget only the situations that are unfavorable are adopted. It stresses that the management is well composed with the matter of finance because the focus is more. However, the top-down approach offers a huge conception that leads to a proper understanding of the product sales. It gives a strong base in the smooth operation of the company (Horngren, 2013). It is the main aim of the firm to function in a way that has the power to generate profit on a maximum basis. This can happen when there is a strong balance between the two. The management can work in collaboration in terms of achievement of production. The estimation of top management ascertains the production at Rs 18.5 per unit whereas the lower level management projects it at Rs 21 per unit. Further, the management at the top forecasts it at 30000 indicating enhanced profit. Hence, it signifies that a cordial link is present amidst the management. References Albrecht, W., Stice, E. Stice, J 2011, Financial accounting, Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. Brealey, R., Myers, S. Allen, F 2011, Principles of corporate finance, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Charles, T.S 2012, Cost Accounting: A Managerial Emphasis, Pearson Education Horngren, C 2013, Financial accounting, Frenchs Forest, N.S.W: Pearson Australia Group. Horngren, C T Foster, G 2008, Cost Accounting: A Managerial Emphasis: United States Edition Lanen, W. N., Anderson, S Maher, M. W 2008. Fundamentals of cost accounting, NY: Hang Loose press. Libby, R., Libby, P. Short, D 2011,Financial accounting, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Needles, B.E. Powers, M 2013, Principles of Financial Accounting, Financial Accounting Series: Cengage Learning. Northington, S 2011, Finance, New York, NY: Ferguson's. Parrino, R., Kidwell, D. Bates, T 2012, Fundamentals of corporate finance, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Williams, J 2012, Financial accounting, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Law of Business Organization Capital Maintenance

Question: Discuss about the Law of Business Organizationfor Capital Maintenance. Answer: The Doctrine of Capital Maintenance Capital maintenance is a significant principle of corporate law. It stipulates that limited companies are restricted from making any such payments out of the capital reserve of the company to the disadvantage of the creditors of the limited company[1]. The statutory provisions laid down in the Company Act necessitate the companies to exercise control upon the payments out of the capital reserves. The capital of a company includes all the money price of the assets obtained by the company from its shareholders in exchange for the shares of the company. This is regarded as an imperative financial resource for the companies[2]. The doctrine was developed through a number of case laws in England. It was recognized for the first time in the case of Trevor v Whitworth where it was held that the concept of capital maintenance is imperative for the companies as it protects the rights of the creditors who has made contribution in the capital of the company[3]. The contribution by the creditors act as a guarantee that they are entitled to repayment of the capital contributed. The common law rules states that a company is is permitted to return its capital to the investors or its shareholders following the lawful methods, that is, by way of reduction of the capital reserve of the company or by way of dividends[4]. The Company Act 2006 deals with the various distributive means by which a company can make payments to the shareholders. Section 135(2) (c) of the Act affirms that share buy backs, reduction in the capital, dividends are some of the distributive means a company may adopt to make payments to the shareholders[5]. The principle of capital maintenance has been incorporated in the corporation law of Australia and remains to be a part of the corporate law today. Section 256 A of the Corporation Act 2001 stipulates that a company must guard the interest of the creditors and its shareholders and retain the balance between the creditors necessities and the members contentment of restricted liability. The purpose of reduction in the capital reserve of the company is to ensure the safety of the creditors[6]. The court may intervene to reduce the capital to protect the claims of the creditors and ensure that the reduction retains the balance between the different classes of shareholders of the company. However, the capital reduction method has been criticized in the case Aveling Barford v Perion Ltd (1989) to be time-consuming and expensive. The doctrine prohibits the company to repay the capital it receives for issuing its shares to its members except under particular situations[7]. However, the statutory provisions of the doctrine have been modified keeping in view the growing demands and necessities of contemporary business. In the UK, the the doctrine was modified in 1980 where the the company was permitted to buy back the shares as stated under section 684-723 of the Companies Act 2006. In Australia, the Corporations Act 2001 incorporated provisions under section section 257 A-257 J which allows the company to purchase its own shares provided the buying back of shares is approved by the shareholders and that they are not prejudiced[8]. The doctrine has been criticized to be an outdated method and but scope of future modifications in the present capital maintenance regime must be made to ensure better functioning of the business organizations. Bibliography Alevras, S., 2015. Doctrines and rules associated with the payment of dividends: Some historical reflections.Governance Directions,67(3), p.164. Arnold, A.J., 2016. Capital reduction case law decisions and the development of the capital maintenance doctrine in late-nineteenth-century England.Accounting and Business Research, pp.1-19. Baos-Caballero, S., Garca-Teruel, P.J. and Martnez-Solano, P., 2014. Working capital management, corporate performance, and financial constraints.Journal of Business Research,67(3), pp.332-338. Gullifer, L. and Payne, J., 2015.Corporate finance law: principles and policy. Bloomsbury Publishing. Islam, M.S., 2015. The Doctrine of Capital Maintenance and its Statutory Developments: An Analysis.Northern University Journal of Law,4, pp.47-55. Sez, M. and Gutirrez, M., 2015. Dividend policy with controlling shareholders.Theoretical Inquiries in Law,16(1), pp.107-130. Simes, F.D., 2013. Legal Capital Rules in Europe: Is There Still Room for Creditor Protection?.International Company and Commercial Law Review,24(4), pp.166-172. Tomasic, R., 2015. The Rise and Fall of the Capital Maintenance Doctrine in Australian Corporate Law.