Essay --

Canada’s attempted to expel affirmations that Canada would bolster its partners in future wars, yet fizzled. †¢ In 1921, Canada’s populace was around 9 million residents from which the greater part was English Canadians. †¢ Canada was upset by the absence of solidarity with its kin. Differences and contentions emerged that meddle government’s approaches †¢ Many French Canadians needed to isolate Quebec from the remainder of Canada. †¢ In the general decisions held in 1921, the liberal Party held the most seats and won the races. The liberal party was driven by Mackenzie King. †¢ Mackenzie King filled in as a head administrator of Canada multiple times: from 1921 to 1926, 1926 to 1930, and 1935 to 1948. †¢ He attempted to improve Canadian self-government in outside relations and to join English and French Canadians. †¢ J.S Woodsworth along with William Irvine won seats in the Canadian Parliament. Together they needed holy places in Canada and that the legislature to turn out to be increasingly dynamic on such social issues as liquor misuse, the difficulty of settlers, work conditions, destitution and prostitution. †¢ Canada was asked and different domains to send troops to help take part to assist the British with holding a situation at the Turkish port in Chanak. †¢ Canada differ to help Britain in the possible war with Turkey. †¢ First time, Canada didn't naturally bolster Britain in war. †¢ In the â€Å"Imperial Conference â€Å"in London, Mackenzie King anxious for having a typical remote standard for all the British Empire. †¢ In 1923 Canada marked uninhibitedly with the U.S. the halibut bargain to control angling in the Atlantic, pacific seas and the Great Lakes. †¢ First time, Canada marked a bargain without including Britain. †¢ At the â€Å"Imperial Conference â€Å"Canada was permitted to sign bargains on I... ...the Canadian confederation in 1949. †¢ 1972, British residents living in Canada are not, at this point ready to cast a ballot in the Canadian races. †¢ Canadian decorations for military mental fortitude, courage and valor were made and given. †¢ 1980, the Canadian national song of praise was made. †¢ â€Å" Dominion day â€Å" is renamed â€Å"Canada Day† †¢ 2004, letter of believability from outside ministers are presently officially routed to the senator general of Canada. †¢ 1982,Constitution act is reexamined †¢ No longer can the British parliament make changes in Canada’s constitution. †¢ In 1925 Mackenzie King made his first thought for the national banner of Canada, it was extremely difficult to get an endorsement, understanding among all. †¢ In 1946, King chose a parliamentary board to pick a banner structure. †¢ On Feb, 15, 1965 Canada had its own national banner. †¢ Union Jack was Canada’s informal national banner, it was Britain’s banner

Religion In Public Schools Essays - Prayer, Spiritual Practice

Religion In Public Schools In the past Religion was kept to the state now with strict opportunity everything has changed or if nothing else began to change. All together for religion to be in a tuition based school now it is again attempting to be in Public schools. Individuals ask for what reason can't opportunity to recognize god be delighted in once more by kids in each schoolroom over this land? previously, a quite a while back youngsters consistently implored before class began and before lunch. Be that as it may, things h ave changed, in 1791 the division of chapel and state began. In spite of the fact that it was clarified about the detachment of the two as late as 1951 somewhere in the range of twenty states allowed schools to start the day by perusing so anyone might hear an entry of the holy book. Bu t that needed to stop. Individuals didn't have similar convictions with regards to religion, if a family missing even have confidence in god for what reason should their kid be compelled to supplicate? On a wide range of events addresses like this one were raised and griped about. That is the thing that began everything genuine enormous. When whining, contending and battling all began once again the quiet second. In 1978 a couple of legal counselors got together and thought about a protected law. The first law said that state funded teachers in gr ades 1-6 will declare that a time of quiet, not to surpass one moment, will be watched for reflection. This law didn't work for long, in light of the fact that it still permitted oral petition in open secondary schools. Later in 1981, the Alabama State Senator D onald G. Holmes effectively passed a bill that incorporated all evaluations calling it the snapshot of quiet this law said that the educator (was) to declare that the quiet second might be utilized for intentional supplication. Although it would need to be si loaned petition. Much after this new law began the legal advisors that were against this were attempting to state that understudies don't reserve a privilege to implore in school quietly or in any case as a result of developing impressions that influence their life. The quiet mother ent as far as anyone knows (constrained) religion on kids. I don't concur with that by any means, on the off chance that there must be a snapshot of quiet, at that point any youngster can utilize that second anyway the individual in question needs, it doesn't really need to be utilized fro supplication. Typically the chi ldren who have been raised with supplication or some sort of religion are generally demonstrated to be better kids. I have companions who go to non-public schools where supplicating in class for all to hear is consummately O.K. what's more, typical. This imploring in the study hall generally would have a really decent size effect on the remainder of an individual's life. In spite of the fact that while supplicating so anyone might hear it could drive one sort of religion on an understudy rather than having them have to a greater degree a decision of what kind of religion they need or on the other hand in the event that they even need to ha ve a religion. When there would be the religion in the homerooms. Younger students not taking an interest in the petitions or the good book readings (would be) asked or required to leave the room.0 This has been another huge question on the grounds that the bill of apparatus hts states that there will be opportunity of religion1 accordingly this implies if an individual does not have confidence in god or what ever the example may be then they don't have to. This implies on the off chance that you need to have any sort of religion you may. The childr en who are driven away from the homeroom to remain in the corridor are compelled to say something that says we don't put stock in te lord of te state (or) we don't accept that petition ought to be freely shown in a open schoolhouse.This was totally thought to be by for the most part every one all wrong, thusly if a kid wished not to take part in the vow o faithfulness or what ever it may be they didn't need to leave the homeroom, stand quietly in the lobbies, or compose an announcement in stead they were permitted to simply sit unobtrusively in their seats. Religion in government funded schools would be useful for specific understudies yet the quiet second is adequate until further notice. Since religion has been attempted in government funded schools and hasn't actually worked, the gatherings of kids who wish to have petition gatherings with other school individuals are permitted to have gatherings, gatherings, clubs, ect. previously, at lunch or after school. Religion (in the government funded schools) can change a people life3

“The Secret Life of Bees” Literary Analysis Essay

Unavoidable clashes with guardians happen as often as possible in the lives of numerous young people. In the novel â€Å"The Secret Life of Bees,† a little youngster named Lily Owens flees from home, abandoning her damaging dad, on a chase for additional associations with her dead mother, Deborah. Kidd places snags of parental clash for Lily all through her entire novel. Lily fights with the inside clash of the information that she murdered her own mom and the battle in discovering the truth.The wellsprings of her contention with her dead mother incorporate the data she gets from August and T. Beam, her feeling of feeling undesirable, and her yearning to encounter love of a family. Sue Monk Kidd utilizes this contention to show that during Lily’s hardship to beat her contentions she gets herself and understands that she as of now has a total family. Kidd does this to hand-off a message to the perusers with the goal that they may comprehend that the mother Lily looked fo r lay within her all things considered and she can make her own capacity, demonstrating the quality in women.In â€Å"The Secret Life of Bees,† Kidd utilizes the data Lily gets from her dad T. Beam and August to make and further fuel the contention among Lily and Deborah with the goal that the peruser comprehends the quality in the solidarity and furthermore singularity of ladies. The contention starts when Lily finds from T. Beam that she was the one to execute her mom by accidently shooting her (Kidd 18-19). She later gains from T. Beam that Deborah had fled, leaving Lily, and had just returned for her things and not her little girl when she had shot her (Kidd 39). During the novel, Lily saves a solid aversion for her dad and doesn't trust him when he advises her this.However, Lily begins to feel useless and as though she were an appalling youngster as the possibility of her executing her own mom develops on her. She at that point learns reality after she flees from home an d finds a group of ladies who knew Deborah, including a lady named August. All through the novel, Lily fabricates a solid bond with August and trusts her when she reveals to her that her mom fled from Lily and T. Beam and left her, however had come back to get her when she was executed. Kidd utilizes Lily’s information on her mom to give Lily motivation to abhor her mom in the wake of having such an ideal picture of her. In any case, Lily beats this contention by discovering her place with her newâ family of tough ladies that instruct her to drive forward and tune in to the mother inside her.Kidd additionally utilizes Lily’s shortcoming of feeling undesirable to demonstrate that her parental clash with her mom before she kicked the bucket had influenced Lily long haul, yet left her with ladies that instructed her to remain steadfast. At the point when Lily discovers that her mom got pregnant with her and had to wed T. Beam despondently, she understood that her mom had not needed her. Kidd composes as the awareness of Lily: â€Å"How challenge she? How could she leave me? I was her child?† (Kidd 259). This go into Lily’s musings gives the peruser the possibility that even a very long time after her mother’s slip-up of leaving, she had been scarred.Lily’s fire of revultion toward her expired mother is filled by the idea that she was an undesirable kid by her mom, just as her harsh dad, T. Beam. Kidd gives this difficulty to Lily all through her novel to offer a solace for Lily before the finish of the book from the Daughters of Mary with the goal that the peruser comprehends the solid bond between influential ladies. Lily at last discovers clearness and understands that she isn't undesirable by her â€Å"stand-in mothers.†Sue Monk Kidd likewise utilizes Lily’s yearning for a family association and love from the individuals encompassing her to show that when ladies meet up to mend each other’s wounds , for example, Lily’s drawn out clash with her mom, they can make a genuine asylum of a caring family. In the novel, Lily accepts the best way to feel a mother’s love originates from her organic mother, which again made the contention among Lily and Deborah. Lily yearns for this adoration since she has never experienced it, and she has kept bogus expectation in her mother’s love until the goals of the novel. Be that as it may, she neglects the ladies she is with every day that have committed themselves to helping her adapt to her conflicts.By the finish of the novel, Kidd gives Lily the acknowledgment that she has had a family that adores her unequivocally the entire time she was looking for one. This is demonstrated through the last sentence of the novel, cited â€Å"I have a bigger number of moms than any eight young ladies off the road. They are the moons sparkling over me†(By saying this, Lily gives her thankfulness for her various moms and her new fa mily for managing her and helping her conquer the entirety of the distinctions throughout her life, just as the terrible, yet workable, clash with her dead mother.In end, Kidd needs her perusers to discover the message of assurance and going ahead to concentrate on the voice within oneself through Lily’s story. Parental clashes happen day by day in numerous youngster lives yet seldom do they scar them as Lily Owens did. Despite the fact that the harmful data she was taken care of, her affectability to feeling undesirable, and her absence of encountering a caring family prompted a contention with her concept of her dead mother that was worked after some time, Lily’s capacity to beat her past was supported by ladies that instructed her to discover the force within her.Her clashes control her to new places where she can turn into her own and develop into a resilient lady. She discovered her home, her family, and herself by vanquishing her fights and proceeding onward, whi ch identifies with Kidd’s expectation of her novel: Only the variables assurance and determination on one’s own shape one’s way, not the contentions of his/her past.

Janie essays

Janie papers J A N I E In Zora Neale Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God, Janie, a southern dark lady, ends up in a few terrible connections before discovering genuine romance. All through the novel, being a powerful character, Janie changes her courses in the middle of every relationship. In Hurstons book, Janie develops from a vagabond to a saint, before at long last turning into a warrior. Janies life started when her grandma brought her up in west Florida twenty years after the common war. Her cognizant life started at age sixteen when sitting under a pear tree. From the outset, a peruser could contrast Janie with a vagrant, yet in the wake of being compelled to wed Logan Killicks, she rapidly turns into a drifter. She moves with him to his sixty sections of land of land, and in the wake of finding that she doesn't cherish Logan, she before long surrenders her expectation that she will develop to adore him in the long run. Instead of her disintegrating marriage, Janie wants things sweet wid mah marriage lak when you sit under a pear tree and think. This is maybe her first experience of genuine autonomy, an objective shared by numerous drifters. She later met Joe and finds that he is not normal for most other dark men. She before long escapes from Killicks to seek after a relationship with Jody. Like different drifters, it before long turned out to be certain that she needed to escape looking for new thoughts. She likewise observes that Jody is not normal for other people, communicating a nearly dread of similarity. In the wake of meeting Jody in any case, the peruser can see more saint qualities depicted in Janies life. Janie appeared to accept her drifter characteristics to the extent the train to Eatonville took her. For when she showed up, Joe turned into the focal point of the town and dominated Janie. At the town meeting, after Jody was chosen civic chairman, her first unmistakable saint trademark was appeared. At its decision the townspeople needed Janie to state a couple of words, yet Joe intrudes on, saying mah spouse don't know nothin' 'bo... <!

I Tried a Bullet JournalAnd It Changed My Life

I Tried a Bullet Journal…And It Changed My Life Journals, we all tried to write one either in our teens or maybe later in life but few really continued to write it on a regular basis.It’s quite understandable why people more often than not end up giving up on keeping a journal and it’s mainly because they either don’t have the time or the inspiration to do so.So why would you want to write a journal in the first place?Well, a journal is a great way for you to keep track of all the tasks you need to do and also to write your thoughts on a piece of paper so you can later come back to them and see your progress.Also, if you have a very busy schedule, a journal will surely help you with organizing your time more efficiently and knowing exactly when and what your next task is.However, writing a journal isn’t an easy task to do and requires organization and planning, but people tend to write it how they think is easy or best suits them.What if I told you that there is a method that requires minimum effort but is systematic enoug h that it can help you keep track of your tasks and thoughts and once you get a hang of it you will feel like you are taking control of your life?The answer to that question is the Bullet Journal.WHAT IS A BULLET JOURNAL?The Bullet Journal is a note taking method developed by Ryder Carroll back in 2013, but only recently, starting from 2015, caught the attention of the Internet.So it’s out there for a long time now and many people have tried it and they are all satisfied mainly because it lets you create your own unique style of writing a journal and makes it more manageable to keep track of things.As Ryder likes to point out the journal really does allow you to keep track of the past, order the present and plan for the future.You can write this journal with a special notebook that Ryder designed especially for Bullet Journals but you can use any notebook of your choice as well.Now there are many different ways of how you can keep your Bullet Journal and you can customize the meth od depending on your needs.The Bullet Journal is great for:Notes â€" School notes, work notes, random facts notes, you name it.Calendar â€" Keeping track of events and tasks you need to do this month.To-do list â€" Simple and easy day-to-day list of tasks.Sketchbook â€" Record your progress on a drawing.Meal planner â€" If you are on some kind of diet or just want to remember what you had for breakfast.These were just suggestions so feel free to use the journal for your own needs and once you get into it you can create your own method which works for you.HOW TO START A BULLET JOURNAL?I’m going to explain Ryder’s basic method and the method I created myself incorporating his suggestions so you can get the picture of how to make your own journal.Basic MethodLet me start off with key elements of the Bullet Journal:Index â€" The first four pages of your journal should be titled Index and they are used for keeping track of how many tasks you have in a certain month or how many books you need to read.Future log â€" The next four pages are your future log for the tasks you plan to do.Monthly log â€" The left side is your monthly calendar and the right side is the task list.Daily log â€" Days dates and entries.Entries â€" Short bulleted sentences (tasks, events, and notes).Now that we covered the basic model of the journal I’ll explain how this all works.The index is self-explanatory but all in all, you just title the first four pages as Index and keep track of page numbers, number of monthly tasks and so on.Basically, you first create your future log by diving each of the four pages into blocks with 3 months on each page which will give you a total of twelve months on all four pages.The future log is used for transferring the tasks you didn’t do the last month but we will catch up on that later.Next is the monthly log and how it works is you write the name of the month as the title on the left page and then write down vertically the number of days downwards a nd also the first letter of the days.Then on the right side, you create a to-do list which you want to finish this month and youre done.The daily log is set up in a way that you write the date and below you write the tasks, events, and notes using different bullets.For example, the tasks are indicated by a dot, events by a circle and notes by a straight line.When you start writing your journal and complete the task you needed to just simply put an “x” next to the bullet in your daily log marking that you have done it or when you haven’t completed a task take into consideration if it is worth your time.If you want to complete the task in short-term transfer it to the monthly log or if you want to do it in the long-term copy the entry to the future log, if not cross it out.The way that this works is that you keep track of the tasks you’ve done and the ones that you didn’t do but plan to complete them in the future. It also highlights your priorities and makes you more produc tive and less busy.At the end of each month, you can write topics for related tasks and notes and organize them on the back so you can see your collection of similar tasks and notes for future reference.And that’s basically it, the basic method of keeping a Bullet Journal.You can change the concept any way you like but now I’ll show you my method just so you get the feeling of how I incorporated this method in my own style. My MethodWhen I started to write my Bullet Journal I skipped the index altogether because I dont like numbers, I know it sounds silly but for my needs, its just pointless I didnt see any use from it.I didnt use the future log like the basic method explains but I somehow incorporated it into my schedule.Now for the monthly log, I used the basic method where you write the dates on the left side and tasks on the right but I also added bullets next to important dates so I could keep track of maybe an upcoming birthday or an exam.I also used the daily log and the special bullets for each type of entry really helped me to organize my tasks better and have a nice overview.The only difference is that I didn’t copy my leftover tasks to the future log, but instead I used the future log as some kind of goal-tracker.What I mean by that is I would write down my goals for the months in the future log and if I haven’t completed them I would transfer them for the next month.So basically I used the daily log for my tasks and notes, the monthly log for events and the future log for writing my goals to keep me motivated.Another thing that I incorporated was that I wrote down my college schedule and my daily study sessions which are around four to five hours long so I know when I’m done with my studying and with my tasks how much time for myself I   have left.Its quite simple this way for me to see my progress and it also creates a lot of space and free time for other activities because I always know what I need to do that day.Feel free to use either the standard method or even my own or if you want you can also create your method because it will best fit your needs.WORK VS. PERSONAL BULLET JOURNALI want to talk about the difference between a work and a personal journal, or whether you need to have a separate journal at all.This is your personal preference but I want to explain some details.1. Work JournalIf you are quite busy and want to organize your time more efficient a work journal is the right thing for you because you can keep up to date on important business meetings, deadlines, and events.The Bullet Journal method is really good for this and will help you to be more productive in your workplace.On the other hand, having two separate journals may be a toll sometimes if you are used to carrying a lot of stuff in your bag so keep that in mind.2. Personal JournalA personal journal is a bit different than the work one, mainly because here you can write notes and tasks that arent associated with work so you dont mix up those together.Also, it is quite handy to have space where you can clear out your thoughts on a piece of paper which you can look back later.Combining the two journals into one doesn’t appeal to some people mainly because they want to divide their work life from their personal life and that’s understandable.WHY SHOULD YOU COMBINE THEM?This is just my opinion, but I found it that when you combine your work journal with your personal one you have everything in one place and you spend less time trying to find the tasks you need to do.I never kept two separate journals but I noticed that the work tasks in my journal never got in the way of the personal tasks I put myself to complete and I’m guessing it’s because I was motivated to do all my tasks that day regardless of them being linked to my job or my personal life.As I said this is just personal preference but it doesn’t hurt to consider those things when you first start writing your journal. THE BENEFITS OF A BULLET JOURNALI wan t to talk more about the benefits now because I want to share my story with you how this journal really helped me be not only more productive but also effective in completing my day-to-day tasks.1. Increases ProductivityEveryone whos gone to college experienced stress in some way or another and for me, this wasnt a big deal, but I sometimes felt very unmotivated to start doing actual studying and it cost me a few exams that I could have passed from the first try.But that all changed when I started writing my journal and to be honest I was a bit skeptical at first but once I realized that it was the solution to my problems I kept using it to this day.It completely changes your way of thinking because you create a schedule for yourself, I think of it as a set of challenges for proving to myself that I can finish what I started every day.I’m the type of person who works on pressure, if I have some time to myself I will probably slack off so keeping myself busy is quite important if I want to be more productive.Having the ability to keep track of your progress will not only motivate you to continue being productive but also will sort of “keep you on your toes” so you will always be prepared to finish a task.2. Encourages ConsistencyThis is an important trait that the Bullet Journal taught me.Now it’s clearer to me than ever that in order for me to succeed I need to display perseverance and keep my head high in order to reach my goal because the hard work really does pay off in the future.Because of the way this journal works I am constantly reminded every day when I open it that I have tasks that need to be done today and that creates a feeling of satisfaction when I complete even the simplest of tasks because those little wins” do add up and make a more challenging task appear not so hard to accomplish.3. Implements OrganizationThis was my biggest problem because I couldn’t organize my time properly and I wasted it without even knowing how much I can do in one day.And once I brought the Bullet Journal in my life I quickly started to manage my time more effectively, not wasting a single second on unimportant things.With more time you can be more productive and with more productivity, you are creating a pattern of behavior which is consistent so you can imagine it as a circular flow of your work and how it all affects your whole life.Without organization, this wouldnt be possible.TIPS FOR BEGINNERSWhen I was starting out I had doubts mainly because I wondered how could a journal help me be more productive if it requires writing which I already didn’t like doing.However, I gave it a shot and at first it seemed a bit silly to me to write down my tasks like “Call my private English professor” or “Study history from 14h to 15:30h”, but later I found it very useful to know who to call and how much time I have for studying so as I continued with it I started to like it more and more.I would like to share some of my tips for pe ople who want to start their own Bullet Journal so you don’t make some mistakes I did and don’t waste paper.1. Take it slowFirst things first, you need to realize what kind of journal do you need.Do you need it for work, for school or just to keep track of your thoughts?Once you figure out what you want you can then start to write your Bullet Journal and I suggest that you watch Ryder’s videos on how to start the journal so you get the basic idea of how it all works.Then you can add your own ideas and methods which will be unique to you.So first take things slow; do some researches on the journal, think of what tasks would you write on a daily basis, it can be as simple as making the bed or doing the laundry but it will help you to start somewhere.Later when you add some harder tasks you will get the hang of it even more and will be able to complete the tasks in no time.Before starting your own Bullet Journal, first think about these questions:What kind of journal do you need? What kind of tasks fill out your schedule?Are you willing to commit to your journal in the long run?Will you be able to complete all the tasks you give yourself?Do you even need a journal?No worries, if you dont know the answers to these questions now you will surely know them when you give the journal a try even if it means quitting after one week because then you will know that a journal isnt for you and that you can organize your time without one.However, some people, like me, aren’t so lucky to have our time organized in our heads so a journal sure is useful.2. Pick up the paceWhen you write a journal for about one or two weeks you will start to notice that it has started to be a habit to wake up every day and write your tasks and notes in your journal and later in the evening you check what you have completed and see your progress.In this stage, you can start to implement more challenging tasks and start to set goals which you want to accomplish this month and try to stick wi th it.Be precise and do your tasks, also be consistent and don’t let anything distract you.What you are going to notice also is that you will start to speed up not only the process of writing a journal but also completing your tasks.Like I mentioned earlier you will create a pattern in your behavior which will stimulate you to work even harder.This is very important because it’s a huge milestone for a person to be able to be in control of his life and organize time well enough so he has time for everything.3. Look backWhen you enter this stage you already mastered the previous stages and you embraced the journal as a part of your daily routine.Now you will take a step back and just look at all the things youve done in the past and will surely be well surprised by your progress.Feels good, doesnt it?When you look back at your previous tasks and specifically notes you will use them for future reference and will see maybe a difference in your way of thinking when you started the jo urnal compared where you are now.It’s also a good way to assure yourself that you are improving your life and don’t worry about the unimportant things because you’ve got a lot of work ahead of you.FINAL WORDIn the end, I just wanted to say a couple of things why the Bullet Journal changed my life:It made me more productive and aware of my duties.It stimulated my motivation so I wouldn’t try to slack off any time I got the opportunity.I found it handy to have a journal by my side so I could write down ideas right when they occur.People started to look at me like I’m more responsible and serious when it comes down to working and studying.Because of everyday writing, my handwriting has improved (it was hideous).To summarize, the Bullet Journal really did help me a lot and it still does and Im sure that anyone who is willing to try it for just a week will either not like it because its not their thing, or will fall in love with it as I did.The fact that you can make your uniqu e method and your own personal journal which is made that way to soothe your needs is, in my opinion, the biggest appeal of the Bullet Journal.So if you are interested in starting your own journal give the Bullet Journal a try, and I hope that you will like it as much as I do.

The Medieval Idea of Women Essay - 1100 Words

The Medieval Idea of Women (Essay Sample) Content: Name:Instructor:Course:Date:The Medieval Idea of WomenDuring the medieval times, women played roles that mainly involved looking after the family and the home, and they hardly had access to equal rights with men. The medieval period was not a comfy period for many women. Only few women appeared to live comfy lives in this period. The medieval society was totally dominated by men. Women had little say in the medieval society. They had little or no roles to take part in within the country. The society dictated the kind of jobs women would do. For the few women who ventured into work in towns, it would be nursing, weaving, writing, spinning, and baking ("Medieval Gender" n. p). Many women also worked in the fields, alongside their husbands, considering the fact that most women lived in rural areas, but they hardly earned recognition for their work. For instance, women would get 5 pence for reaping while men would get 8 pence for the same work ("Medieval Women" n. p). How ever, no woman would openly complain about such disparities in the medieval society dominated by men.The principle duty of women during the medieval times was to take care of the family. Women were tasked with ensuring that their children and husbands are well taken care of. Their chores mainly included cooking, doing housework, looking after children, and looking after their home. They roles women played as wives during medieval times were of uttermost importance and they were expected to meet needs of their husbands at all times. In turn, a man would go out to work as to earn money for supporting the family.Women in the medieval times never had any access to equal rights with men like they currently do. For instance, women were not allowed to have political votes ("Medieval Gender" n. p). As such, women would not participate in any political elections either as contestants or voters. The right to participate in political functions was only entitled to men. Women also lacked rights of choosing whether to marry or not and at what time ("Medieval Gender" n. p). For instance, girls from rich backgrounds generally were married off earlier than those from poor backgrounds. This was because poor family backgrounds needed as many children working for them as possible. As such, marrying off a girl from a poor background would mean the family would be deprived off a worker. Parents are thereby the ones who decided when a girl would be married and to who. Once a girl would be married off, she would be under the control of the husband.Similarly, women did not have rights to take part in white collar jobs. This is because they hardly got access to education. Families would educate male children at the expense of female children. However, few girls would access some form of basic education especially in rich families where there were few or no male children. Women who would choose to be nuns would also access basic education as an addition to their devotion to Christianit y ("Medieval Gender" n. p).During the medieval times, women rarely had rights to choose what to wear. In most cases, women dressed according to what their husbands wanted and not what they personally preferred ("Medieval Gender" n. p). Women would dress in humility such that married women would cover their hair with a cloth ("Medieval Gender" n. p). As such, womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s fashion during the medieval period was relatively non-descript and bland. Clothing was usually draped fabric that was mostly buggy and ordinary colored.Manà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s View of Sin and Human Suffering in Medieval TimesDuring the medieval times, man viewed sin and human suffering as omnipresent, whereby sin was a matter of individual guilt and not necessarily communal shame, with human suffering being viewed as consequences of sin. During the medieval period, man viewed sin as omnipresent and always dangerous (Steele 2). Sins were seen as always present and somehow unavoidable. They were a matter of individual gu ilt even when the sins would affect the community. This is because during the medieval period, emphasis of sin was more on the individual who committed as sin but not the community it may damage.During this period, sin was closely linked to wealth. For instance, the clergy would see it as a sin to deny the church wealth while on the other hand the wealth itself would draw the clergy to sin (Steele 2). This is because wealth would tempt the clergy to sin. When a clergyman would give in to the temptations of wealth, the church would be damaged. However, concern would be more on the individual clergy who sins and not the church as whole. In this medieval thinking of sin, the clergymen who would still from the church would be punished not necessarily by an avenging saint but demons that had drawn them to hell.During the medieval period, there was a shift of what was perceived as the cause of sin. Sinners were viewed as sinning as a result of making conscious decisions that would oppose the ways of the church (Steele 2). For instance, a person who would plough the fields of a church would do so deliberately with knowledge that he or she deifies the Church. However, as...

A Psychological Viewpoint on Memento - 846 Words

Memento is an American psychological thriller adapted from a short story, Memento Mori written by James Nolan. The story displays the life of Leonard Shelby. Shelby has anterograde Amnesia brought about by an injury to his head. He suffered this injury while confronting two people who attacked his wife at their home in the middle of the night. Leonard kills one of the attackers during the attack, although the second one escapes. Due to the injury and resultant amnesia, the last thing Leonard remembers is his wife dying. He is unable to remember new information after that day. The movie shows how he devotes his life to finding and killing the second attacker. The movie uses a unique presentation style where the director starts with a†¦show more content†¦This focus seemed to motivate him to carry on, and gave him a purpose to live. Problem Shelby, suffers from a rare form of amnesia which makes him incapable of creating new memories. Any bit of information he learns since his injury must be recorded or will be quickly forgotten. Due to his memory problem, he would often find himself lost at places. He’d ask himself questions like â€Å"Why am I here?† or â€Å"What was I doing?† He often made errors in judgment if the information or clues available to him were incomplete. He was also slightly paranoid; he didn’t trust new people and avoided new situations. This is why he had no social life and only a couple of people he could trust. Since his condition prevents him from creating new memories Leonard uses a clever system of Notes, Polaroid photos, and Tattoos to record clues which may lead him to finding the man who killed his wife. Every morning he would wake up and the body tattoos will remind him of what happened and what his mission is. He will use post it notes, polaroid pictures to rec onstruct what he was doing and what he needs to do today. He followed some simple rules – focus on the objective and take short notes and picture of relevant clues after key events. But the fact that Shelby was aware of his condition made life even more challenging. Since he was AWARE of his condition he forced himself to live a very structured routine; every morning he’d wake up study and observe his bodyShow MoreRelatedThe Convention of a Thriller Film Essay1737 Words   |  7 Pagescomprised of three main parts: order and normality, then something happens where disorder occurs and finally equilibrium is restored, usually by a hero. Thrillers can be divided into countless categories, i.e., action thrillers, psychological thrillers, millitary thrillers, spy thrillers, and the list goes on. Its easier to recognise a thriller than to describe it. There are some general characteristics that most have. They usually include a plot that concerns life or deathRead More Combining Thrilling and Killing:Use of Violence in Psychological Thrillers2779 Words   |  12 PagesCombining Thrilling and Killing:Use of Violence in Psychological Thrillers As we speak, there is a man holding a gun to the back of your head. The cold muzzle stings the tender skin of your scalp and blood trickles to the floor from where the handcuffs have cut into your wrists. Your heart, sensing death approaching, struggles in vain to slip through its cage of ribs and run screaming into the night, much like how the scream just behind your eyes makes your vision blur and muscles twitchRead MoreFamily Harmony1979 Words   |  8 Pagesand regulations have some difference. Husband and wife both may credit love, friendship, Hospitality, Adjustment, Sacrifice, more help and mutual understanding in this account. These are the investments. Presenting various surprise gifts, mementos are F.D in this account. In every investment and F.D, the credit will multiply and balance will be very high. In any time, anyone may debit any small amount by way of using hard words, Criticism, acquiescing, quarrelling, act out of way ofRead More The Relationship of Photographs, History, and Memory Essay5378 Words   |  22 Pagesinevitably every photograph is a certificate of presence (1981, 87), and photographs anticipate the decisive moment of convergence, when the past meets reality. For Susan Sontag (1973, 15) such a convergence is a reminder that all photographs are memento mori, and she adds that to take a photograph is to participate in another persons mortality, vulnerability, mutability. Under these circumstances the practice of photography becomes an intensely personal experience that exposes photographer and

As we know there a lot of homeless people in Los Angeles....

As we know there a lot of homeless people in Los Angeles. Each year the population of homelessness grows each day. Homelessness is an issue because it affects the community. The cause of people might be because the made a bad choice and at the end they regret it. After being homeless, they can imagine having a great job or career, owing a house and their own property they want to have wealthy lives again like they had before being homeless. Homeless people wanted to bring back their lives as one piece. People who have become homeless might have lost their jobs causing them to be homeless. Los Angeles County last April, her benefits of three hundred and fifty five was suspended on October after EDD did not respond to her requests to†¦show more content†¦When being in an addiction it is hard for them to stop they have a hard time to control themselves. I think that the person who is facing an addiction they can get help from people or recourses they are needed the causes of ad diction and help men and women overcome their addiction. Domestic violence nationally is fifty percent of homeless women and children are fleeing domestic violence. When a woman is abused she faces a crisis of safety. If she stays in the home she’ll Beaton again. If she leaves she’ll have little support choosing homeless over abuse is both and brave frightening decisions. I think when a women or a guy faces the cause of domestic violence with homeless it is an issue that a person faces because in can be frightening going through a tough moment. When it comes to be homeless there are teens who become homeless not just adults. When the adults were once teens they might have had an issue where at a certain point they became homeless as well. Teens often become so due to family conflicts. They’re kicked out or choose to run away over issues of drug/alcohol addiction, physical abuse, sexual orientation or teen pregnancy. Mental illness can play a significant role in teen homelessness just as it does in adults. Teens in foster care often end a sad situation in which many feel alone or abandoned. A homeless person is most often a deeply hurting person. By the time they come to a homelessness organization for help, they’ve burnedShow MoreRelatedLending a Helping Hand Essay902 Words   |  4 PagesWhile riding down the street do you ever see homeless people? Do you stop and stare or act as if they don’t exist? If you’re the type of person who acts as if they were not there; well the fact is that they do and there are many homeless people worldwide. Often a homeless person is suffering from starvation or they are mentally ill. Some of these homeless people do not have the choice of being homeless or if not it may be the governments fault. 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She applied to two programs in her junior year of high school, one at Fisk University in Nashville, TN and the other thru the American Friends Service Committee that placed black students from southern cities in integrated schools in northern cities. She was accepted into both programs and chose the one farthest north to escape the hostile southern climate. Angela like most young black people was very effected by the race relations in America. Growing up in a segregatedRead MoreNavigating Our Mental Health Problem5632 Words   |  23 Pagesbe discussed, followed by how we got to our current situation with a lack of treatment and an epidemic of mentally ill homeless people as well as, how the police are trained, or not trained and what can be done to improve upon it, and how our military funding has failed our veterans. Then the paper will take a look at how stigma has shaped how the public views mental illness, and how it shaped the writers young life. 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While there is no way to confirm these statistics, they seem to suggest that contingency planning will improve the odds of an organization’s survival. Due to the fear of terrorist attacks, cyber crime, pandemics and the increasing costs of natural disasters, more organizations than ever before are considering contingency planning to help protect their people, assets, and facilities

Women Have Equal Rights, By Katy Perry, Nicki Minaj,...

Recently throughout the United States and other countries, there has been a sudden epiphany that women should be treated just as fairly as men. This is a shocking notion, indeed. How dare women have equal rights; what is this the twenty-first century? Lately, feminists everywhere have been supporting their fellow women and pushing for equality. They have taken to the streets and have marched so their cause can be heard, and even the media has been showing its support for the ladies out there, striving to make things right. Music artists such as Katy Perry, Nicki Minaj, Beyoncà ©, and Taylor Swift have been supportive of this new wave of feminism, releasing songs that have strong and suggestive lyrics about female independence. Also, the popular online social networks, like Twitter and Instagram, have been depicting celebrities supporting the â€Å"Treat boys and girls the same† campaign, which pushes for impartiality for girls and boys, starting from a young age. With all of this mass media attention, it is sure to spark up some reform; and it has. Journalists Rina Chandran and Bibhudatta Pradhan’s article â€Å"India s Women s Vote Becomes More Independent†, of the Bloomberg Business newspaper, has recently discussed how women in India have begun to defy traditional gender roles and vote in the recent elections. Even though these women have been taught to obey their husbands’ every command, some have decided to defy this conditioning and vote, even against their husbands’ wishes.

Stereotypes Has The Role Of Peter Dinklage Progressed

Austin Oller Professor XXX Class Abreviation and Number 17 November 2014 Stereotypes: Has the Role of Peter Dinklage Progressed? In 1952 theorist Frantz Fanon wrote The Fact of Blackness, an article that illustrations the struggles of being an African- American in then modern-day America. Fanon suggested African Americans live with a prescribed stereotype of â€Å"blackness†. Because of the color of their skin, African- Americans have an image created for them. Due to this prescription, many individuals are unable to create their own persona. Fanon states that a black person is the slave of his or her own image. Today, there are many other stereotypes being placed on people just like blackness was placed on the African American community.†¦show more content†¦The most common type, called Achondroplasia is the cause of about 70 percent of all dwarfism. It makes your arms and legs shorter than that of your torso. Achondroplasia affects about 1 in 15,000 to 1 in 40,000 live births. To understand Fanon one must look back to the beginning of the cinema. Stereotypes were prevalent in movies since the beginning of the cinema. One of the first movies to show a stereotypes was the 1915 silent film Birth of a Nation. In the D.W. Griffith film the African American plays the stereotypical slave of the south after the civil war. In the article Hollywood, Black Animation, and the Problem of Representation, author Jennifer L. Barker shares a statement about her voice about black stereotypes: â€Å"Since the early twentieth century, critics, filmmakers, and actors such as W.E.B. Du Bois, Clarence Muse, Sidney Poitier, Spike Lee, and Henry Louis Gates Jr. have argued for various approaches to representing African Americans in film, and it is unlikely that this conversation will become simpler or more unified in the near future. In fact, conversations are bound to become more complex as the nature of racial identity in America has become more heterogeneous in the last few decades†. The image of â€Å"Blackness† was very prevalent in the classical Hollywood Period. Often depicted as mammies, coons or uncle toms during this period. In Boogle’s book Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, and Bucks he writes

Law and Order Situation Free Essays

The Islamic Republic of Pakistan came into being on August 14, 1947. Pakistan has a strategic location in South Asia, surrounded by India, China, Afghanistan and Iran. Pakistan has a total area of 803,940 sq. We will write a custom essay sample on Law and Order Situation or any similar topic only for you Order Now km and an estimated population of 170 million. Pakistan is a federation, with four federating units, called Provinces, namely, Punjab, Sindh, North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) and Baluchistan. The capital is Islamabad, and the tribal belt adjoining the NWFP is managed by the Federal Government and is know as FATA i. e; Federally Administered Tribal Areas.Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas have their own political system, yet certain of their subjects are taken care of by the Federal Government through the Ministry of Kashmir Affairs and Northern Areas. The Provinces are further divided into Divisions and Districts. The basic administrative unit is a district, being governed by the District Nazim, popularly elected, who is supported by a senior civil officer called District Coordination Officer (DCO) and the District Police Officer (DPO) in the smooth running of the local government, rather a new system introduced by the President Pervez Musharraf regime in 2000 and 2002. Pakistan has a parliamentary form of government, and the Parliament consists of two Houses, i. e; the Senate (Upper House), giving equal representation to all Provinces, and the national Assembly (Lower House), representing the nation on population and direct adult voting system. The Senate is a permanent legislative body and consists of 100 members. The National Assembly has a total of 342 elected members (272 general seats, 60 women seats and 10 non-muslims (minority) seats). The President is the Head of State and the Prime Minister is the Head of Government.The Provinces have their own Provincial Assemblies, the Chief Minister, and a Governor, who is a nominee of the Federal Government through the President of Pakistan. Pakistan has enormous importance due to her strategic location; her being the front line state during the Soviet invasion on Afghanistan (1979-1988), and now a front line of defence and a staunch ally of the Allied Nations in the global war on terror. Pakistan has tremendous human and natural resources, excellent minds and brains, beautiful historical places, arts and literature, and has been contributing to the world peace and progress hrough various international forums, like UN and its Agencies, OIC , SAARC and other international organizations of which Pakistan is a member .The literacy rate is 53% the national language is Urdu and the official language is English; 97% population is muslims and 3% minority (Christian, Hindus, and others). Annual per capita income is $ 736; population growth rate is 1. 29 and the life expectancy is 64. About 65% population is in urban area. However, the UNDP Index for Pakistan is at a lower rank due to some of her poor socio-economic indicators. Many more details about Pakistan could be found on her official website www. gov. k , and its various ministries and departments. LAW AND ORDER SITUATION IN PAKISTAN: After 9/11, the US/Nato forces invaded and bombard the Afghan nation, sometimes indiscriminately, which led to the desired goal of destruction of Taliban rule in Afghanistan, but in addition, gave rise to a lot of internal and external problems for Pakistan: the economy, internal security environment and social tranquility jolted badly due to such problems. The spill-over effect of Taliban from Afghanistan into the tribal belt of Pakistan has been under continuous discussion in the western media and US administration, both civilian and military departments.Right from the every day reports of various research institutes in USA and news stories of Washington Post, the New York Times, etc to the well-researched analysis and reports of EUROPOL (TE-SAT,EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report , 2008) and Council on Foreign Relations report on ‘Securing Pakistan’s Tribal Belt (Daniel Mark ey, 2008), Pakistan remains in the mainstream of our debate on war on terror. Pakistan has deployed more than 90,000 security forces on the Pakistani side of Afghan border, with more than 900 check points to stop cross border movement of Afghan-Taliban and other miscreants.Pakistan received a death toll of 1200 security forces in tribal areas during the ongoing war on terror and hundreds of civilians and police in the settled/urban districts. A cascade of suicide attacks in 2007 horribly terrorized the nation and literally pardysed the local administration. The general public has greater grievances against the western nations, especially the USA which alongwith Nato forces carries out unnecessary airstrikes on Pakistan tribal areas, on the pretext of ‘actionanble-intelligence’ against Al-Qaeda stalwarts, the results of which have never been tangible and visible.Rather, the illiterate tribal people and other population of the country take it for unwarranted instigation and looking for lame excuses to attack Pakistan’s tribal territories, most often, allegedly pushed by some unfriendly elements. Pakistan’s tribal areas (seven Tribal Agencies and six Frontier Regions) are usually described by the US as ‘safe-haven’ for Al-Qaeda, which is strongly rebutted by the government and general masses.There might be some Afghan-Taliban elements in these areas, who might have been hiding in the rugged mountains of the tribal belt, but it is not acceptable that they can visibly operates or organize their activities in any part therein. The US/Nato airstikes on Pakistan’s tribal areas have never been a success in chasing and hitting any high valued target so far. All their claims are debated and challenged. Some times innocent children, women and Pakistan’s security forces are hit and killed, as often happen in Afghanistan as a result of ‘unintentional’ and ‘friendly fire’!Unfortunately, no one has undeniable facts and figures about the various kinds of Taliban and there is no good research about their organization, structure, style finances, strength, weaknesses and gradual infiltration, tactical retreat and resurgence. This development at the international scene has made things worse for the Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) in the country, especially the police who have never been trained and equipped to deal with terrorist activities suicide bombing and IEDs. The unofficial statistics for terrorist activities are much higher than the official figures.However, we still rely on the statistics provided by the National Police Bureau in its report on National Public Safety Commission. Figure-I gives a details of these terrorist activities and bomb blasts a nd the passage below gives a comprehensive account of all other recorded and cognizable crimes through out the country. Figure-I As many as 537866 cases were registered in the country during 2006 as compared to 447745 cases recorded during 2005 thereby showing an increase of 90111 (20. 1%) cases. Punjab registered a rise of 66306 (24%) cases, Sindh 10520 (22. %) cases; NWFP 11612 (11. 2%) cases, Baluchistan 1137 (16. 9%) cases, Islamabad 556 (14. 7%) cases and AJK 376 (7. 9%) cases. However, there was a decrease of 159 (5. 5%) cases recorded by Railways police, and 237 (12. 8%) cases in Northern Areas. †¢ Murder: showed a rise of 266 (2. 7%) cases in the country including 22 (0. 4%) cases in Punjab; 151 (8. 2%) cases in Sindh; 50 (2. 3%) cases in NWFP; 34 (11. 7%) cases in Baluchistan and 38 (48. 7%) cases in AJK while there was a decrease of 34 (26. 8%) cases in Northern Areas. †¢ Attempt to Murder: rose by 691 (5. %) cases in the country; 371 (5. 2%) cases in Punjab; 143 (5. 9%) cases in Sindh; 102 (3. 9%) cases in NWFP; 64 (22. 1%) cases in Baluchistan; 31 (29. 2%) cases in Islamabad and 32 (9. 3%) cases in AJK while there occurred a decrease of 59 (42. 1 %) cases in Northern Areas. †¢ Rioting: showed a rise of 710 (22. 4%) cases in the country including 30 (19. 7%) cases in Punjab; 486 (21. 5%) cases in Sindh; 93 (30. 2%) cases in Baluchistan and 126 (40. 5%) cases in AJK while there was a fell of 22 (23. 4%) cases in Northern Areas. Assault on Public Servants: increased by 700 (21%) cases in the country including 235 (19. 1%) cases in Punjab; 409 (31. 1%) cases in Sindh; 21 (5. 9%) cases in NWFP; 8 (5. 4%) cases in Baluchistan and 45 (42. 1%) cases in AJK while there occurred a decrease of 10 (10. 6%) cases in Northern Areas. †¢ Zina: crime recorded under this head rose by 116 (5. 8%) cases in the country; 80 (5. 7%) cases in Punjab; 60 (30. 8%) cases in Sindh and 11 (15. 3%) cases in Islamabad while there was a fall of 13 (19. 7%) cases in Baluchistan and 14 (66. 7%) cases in Northern Areas. Kidnapping/Abduction: showed an increase of 1320 (15%) cases in the country; 1052 (15. 3%) cases in Punjab; 98 (7. 7%) cases in Sindh: 52 (11. 5%) cases in NWFP; 53 (59. 6%) cases id Baluchistan; 8 (72. 7%) cases in Islamabad. 12 (100%) in Northern Areas and 50 (44. 6%) cases in AJK. †¢ Kidnapping for Ransom: rose by 70 (32. 3%) cases in the country including 23 (20. 5%) cases in Punjab; 23 (36. 5%) cases in Sindh; 21 (77. 8%) cases in NWFP and 4 (50%) cases in Baluchistan. †¢ Suicide: showed a rise of 24 (14. 6%) cases in the country.There was an increase of 9 (225%) cases in Punjab and 15(11. 1%) cases in Sindh. †¢ Highway Dacoity: increased by 20 (21. 3%) cases in the country. There was an increase of 12 (54. 5%) cases in Sindh and 8 (100%) cases in Baluchistan. †¢ Other Dacoity: increased by 478 (21. 1%) cases in the country including 247 (16. 7%) cases in Punjab; 207 (30. 1%) cases in Sindh; 22 (78. 6%) cases in Baluchistan and 12 (100%) cases in Islamabad. †¢ Highway Robbery: rose by 63 (41. 2%) cases in the country; 43 (34. 4%) cases in Punjab; 10 (76. 9%) cases in Sindh and 10 cases in NWFP. Other Robbery: showed a rise of 2411 (19. 7%) cases in the country; 1640 (18. 7%) cases in Punjab; 722 (23. 8%) cases in Sindh and 70 (89. 7%) cases in Islamabad while there occurred a decrease of 16 (11. 9%) cases in NWFP and 7(11. 5%) cases in AJK. †¢ Motor Vehicle Theft/Snatching: increased by 3056 (18. 7%) cases in the country including 1587 (16. 6%) cases in Punjab; 1107 (20. 9%) cases in Sindh; 64 (12. 6%) cases in NWFP; 181 (41%) cases in Baluchistan; 93 (22. 9%) cases in Islamabad; 11 (57. 9%) cases in Northern Areas and 9 (10. 2%) cases in AJK. 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Considerable Business Progress Business Industry

Question: Describe about the Considerable Business Progress for Business Industry. Answer: Problem 1 Science has made considerable progress in industrial uses of materials and how to manipulate basic processes to create the same things faster and better with more efficiency. The inherent needs to change the way existing things are done are part of the Process engineering. It involves building a model of a process (usually multi-step, parallel or series operations) usually industrial, managerial and engineering related. Administratively, streamlining the work-flow, effective use of information technology and software helps in savings administrative heavy lifting. All this reduced time of employees time in ineffective and non-productive jobs helps in saving effort which can be utilized for other productive activities (Northington, 2011). This will reduce the man-power requirement where maybe 2 people were required, 1 person might suffice. This competitiveness in labor requirement will create a chain reaction of savings on materials required, efforts utilized, automation and time saved. Staying lean in cost and agility to change helps in creating newer products by adapting to the environment. Lean strategy has been historically associated with manufacturing and has now shown its use along the value chain right from sales to logistics, product design, development, manufacturing, purchasing, administration and back to sales. This holistic approach is becoming known as Lean Business (Needles Power, 2013). The important factor is the companys ability to work faster and reduce process time. For this, the companys cycle time is a significant, and a complex process that starts from the time a vendor ships materials to the company to the point when the company moves the final product to the customer. (Brealey et. al, 2011). This measurement of number of units of material received, goods produced and shipped in a certain period of time is called the cycle time and indicates the general efficiency of the supply chain. There are several linked parts in a companys cycle time: Production cycle time this is measured as the total time taken in the production of a product Order processing - this is the time taken for processing an order Cash-to-cash cycle time this is the time needed to plough back the financial investments A companys ability to convert manufacturing costs to profits is tested by an extended cycle time. To maintain an efficient and agile supply chain, a short cycle time is required. Once can say a productivity loss is happening when there is wastage of resources, cost overruns, unfavourable customer experiences and less success in the market. Cycle time is an important performance metric and reveals insights into efficient and inefficient supply chain processes.. The length of a cycle time is determined by both internal and external factors. Some of the controllable factors for improving cycle time are capacity constraints, labor, manufacturing congestion, and inventory surplus, quality of the product, and schedule flexibility and management (Charles, 2012). iii. Increased speed of processes can create challenges in controlling the results and ongoing control of errors. It is important while process re-engineering those new processes takes the time to come under strict control and supervision and can create the problem of non-compliance. The introduction of business process reengineering involves re-thinking and re-designing of business processes for achieving improvements in critical measures of performance-time, quality, and cost, and focuses on optimizing organizational performance by setting and monitoring service performance standards (Parrino et. al, 2012). Like other reforms before, it might not be easily accepted by all staff and adoption and implementation of quality reforms might not improve the level of service quality and customer satisfaction. Many other potential problems might arise such as one department may be rationalized at the expense of another, there might be less time to focus on improving business process and there might be lack of recognition of the extent of the problem. Many times there is a serious lack in training. People involved use the best and easiest tool they have at their disposal and there might be lack of infrastructure. Also, overly bureaucratic processes and lack of motivation in the organization will cause a lot of issues in accepting increased speeds of processes. Lack of control will create errors and might affect the dependability and reliability of products which will, in turn, affect the brand name. Problem 2 For calculating the costs for both factories, absorption costing method is used. This takes into account both the direct costs (or variable costs such as labor, material) and indirect costs (or fixed costs such as machinery, land). This is complete cost of producing a finished good. Since both factories are using the same method of costing, they can be directly compared. For producing the same product, the Brisbane factory is presumably costing less. We deduct that by the fact that the finished good balance has grown and that means they are able to produce more in that much of money. However, a point to be noted here is that it might also be an indication that the Brisbane factory is not able to push out the finished goods for sale and the inventory is piling up (Libby et. al, 2011). This is also a bad sign that perhaps the market is not doing well, or the sales force is not working up to the mark and the production needs to be reduced in Brisbane. For checking this Steve Smith should check the inventory cycle and determine if the production is exceeding or the sales have reduced. Even after this, this factory has reported a net profit and hence the Brisbane manager is entitled to a bonus. The reasons for the net profit can be either low-cost or reduced sales. T his needs to be investigated. In the Adelaide factory, there is zero net profit which means either the costs are very high or the sales are not getting pushed enough. However, we know that the finished inventory fell so it indicates more towards high costs. It may well serve Steve Smith to analyze the variable costs of both the factories along with the fixed costs. This might show some unique differences in the operating environment of both the cities concerning land, labor costs. Problem 3 Under the Standard Costing method a company keeps an expected amount of costs for each expense and records the actual as variances from this standard amount. This concept of variance helps in bringing the quick attention of the management to the areas which are exceeding the expected costs and quick steps can be taken to control them (Lanen et. al, 2008). The company has a set standard cost of material and labor. Since the material variances were favorable, i.e the actual costs incurred on materials were less than the standard costs expected, there have been savings in this regard. However, in the case of labor variances, the actual costs incurred were far more than the expected standard costs (unfavourable labor variances). This shows an increase in labor costs. Now if both of these variances set-off each other, then will not be much difference in the total cost. If the variance of the material cost is greater than the variance of the labor cost, the total cost will reduce and if the variance of the labor cost is more than the material cost, the overall cost will increase (Williams, 2012). Usually, there are two kinds of variance under an expense. For eg. If we talk about material costs it comprises of Quantity of material * Cost of each material unit. Similarly, for labor additional information of Number of labor * Cost of each labor is needed. Once the break-up of these costs is available into units used and cost per unit, the management can determine if the labor being employed is more or materials being used are more or the per unit cost of employing one labor has increased or the per unit cost of material has increased (Horngren Frost, 2008). The standard cost of a finished product is the sum of the standard costs of the inputs: Direct material Direct labor Manufacturing overhead Variable manufacturing overhead Fixed manufacturing overhead This will help in looking for alternative materials or increasing the efficiency of the labor employed. Thus the input quantity and per unit cost is one information that will be most useful for management. Problem 4 Computation and showcase of the variable cost: Budget A Budget B Overhead - Variables Rs. 60000 Rs. 75000 selling and administrative expense (Variable) Rs. 60000 Rs. 60000 Direct Materials Rs. 260,000 Rs. 3,60,000 Direct Labor Rs. 40,000 Rs.60,000 Total (i) Rs. 4,20,000 Rs. 5,55,000 Units in total (ii) 20000 30000 per unit cost ( i/ii) Rs. 21 per unit Rs. 18.50 per unit The variable cost in Budget B stands lower as compared to Budget A. Budget B pertains to the senior management while that of lower and middle management is higher. A bottom-up approach is indicated from the preparation of Budget A. This indicates that the lower and middle management follows this approach. The management has a strong grasp of the internal factors (Albrecht et. al, 2011). The lower and middle management takes care of the activities that pertain to the operation and hence, the material cost runs in a higher form. The cost of material is predicted and hence they are chiefly engaged for the increment in cost. The top level management is the target for increasing the profit, as well as sales of the company. This indicates that the management is heading for strong labor arrangement, work completion and grouping the variable overheads. However, in the process of the budget only the situations that are unfavorable are adopted. It stresses that the management is well composed with the matter of finance because the focus is more. However, the top-down approach offers a huge conception that leads to a proper understanding of the product sales. It gives a strong base in the smooth operation of the company (Horngren, 2013). It is the main aim of the firm to function in a way that has the power to generate profit on a maximum basis. This can happen when there is a strong balance between the two. The management can work in collaboration in terms of achievement of production. The estimation of top management ascertains the production at Rs 18.5 per unit whereas the lower level management projects it at Rs 21 per unit. Further, the management at the top forecasts it at 30000 indicating enhanced profit. Hence, it signifies that a cordial link is present amidst the management. References Albrecht, W., Stice, E. Stice, J 2011, Financial accounting, Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. Brealey, R., Myers, S. Allen, F 2011, Principles of corporate finance, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Charles, T.S 2012, Cost Accounting: A Managerial Emphasis, Pearson Education Horngren, C 2013, Financial accounting, Frenchs Forest, N.S.W: Pearson Australia Group. Horngren, C T Foster, G 2008, Cost Accounting: A Managerial Emphasis: United States Edition Lanen, W. N., Anderson, S Maher, M. W 2008. Fundamentals of cost accounting, NY: Hang Loose press. Libby, R., Libby, P. Short, D 2011,Financial accounting, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Needles, B.E. Powers, M 2013, Principles of Financial Accounting, Financial Accounting Series: Cengage Learning. Northington, S 2011, Finance, New York, NY: Ferguson's. Parrino, R., Kidwell, D. Bates, T 2012, Fundamentals of corporate finance, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Williams, J 2012, Financial accounting, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Law of Business Organization Capital Maintenance

Question: Discuss about the Law of Business Organizationfor Capital Maintenance. Answer: The Doctrine of Capital Maintenance Capital maintenance is a significant principle of corporate law. It stipulates that limited companies are restricted from making any such payments out of the capital reserve of the company to the disadvantage of the creditors of the limited company[1]. The statutory provisions laid down in the Company Act necessitate the companies to exercise control upon the payments out of the capital reserves. The capital of a company includes all the money price of the assets obtained by the company from its shareholders in exchange for the shares of the company. This is regarded as an imperative financial resource for the companies[2]. The doctrine was developed through a number of case laws in England. It was recognized for the first time in the case of Trevor v Whitworth where it was held that the concept of capital maintenance is imperative for the companies as it protects the rights of the creditors who has made contribution in the capital of the company[3]. The contribution by the creditors act as a guarantee that they are entitled to repayment of the capital contributed. The common law rules states that a company is is permitted to return its capital to the investors or its shareholders following the lawful methods, that is, by way of reduction of the capital reserve of the company or by way of dividends[4]. The Company Act 2006 deals with the various distributive means by which a company can make payments to the shareholders. Section 135(2) (c) of the Act affirms that share buy backs, reduction in the capital, dividends are some of the distributive means a company may adopt to make payments to the shareholders[5]. The principle of capital maintenance has been incorporated in the corporation law of Australia and remains to be a part of the corporate law today. Section 256 A of the Corporation Act 2001 stipulates that a company must guard the interest of the creditors and its shareholders and retain the balance between the creditors necessities and the members contentment of restricted liability. The purpose of reduction in the capital reserve of the company is to ensure the safety of the creditors[6]. The court may intervene to reduce the capital to protect the claims of the creditors and ensure that the reduction retains the balance between the different classes of shareholders of the company. However, the capital reduction method has been criticized in the case Aveling Barford v Perion Ltd (1989) to be time-consuming and expensive. The doctrine prohibits the company to repay the capital it receives for issuing its shares to its members except under particular situations[7]. However, the statutory provisions of the doctrine have been modified keeping in view the growing demands and necessities of contemporary business. In the UK, the the doctrine was modified in 1980 where the the company was permitted to buy back the shares as stated under section 684-723 of the Companies Act 2006. In Australia, the Corporations Act 2001 incorporated provisions under section section 257 A-257 J which allows the company to purchase its own shares provided the buying back of shares is approved by the shareholders and that they are not prejudiced[8]. The doctrine has been criticized to be an outdated method and but scope of future modifications in the present capital maintenance regime must be made to ensure better functioning of the business organizations. Bibliography Alevras, S., 2015. Doctrines and rules associated with the payment of dividends: Some historical reflections.Governance Directions,67(3), p.164. Arnold, A.J., 2016. Capital reduction case law decisions and the development of the capital maintenance doctrine in late-nineteenth-century England.Accounting and Business Research, pp.1-19. Baos-Caballero, S., Garca-Teruel, P.J. and Martnez-Solano, P., 2014. Working capital management, corporate performance, and financial constraints.Journal of Business Research,67(3), pp.332-338. Gullifer, L. and Payne, J., 2015.Corporate finance law: principles and policy. Bloomsbury Publishing. Islam, M.S., 2015. The Doctrine of Capital Maintenance and its Statutory Developments: An Analysis.Northern University Journal of Law,4, pp.47-55. Sez, M. and Gutirrez, M., 2015. Dividend policy with controlling shareholders.Theoretical Inquiries in Law,16(1), pp.107-130. Simes, F.D., 2013. Legal Capital Rules in Europe: Is There Still Room for Creditor Protection?.International Company and Commercial Law Review,24(4), pp.166-172. Tomasic, R., 2015. The Rise and Fall of the Capital Maintenance Doctrine in Australian Corporate Law.

The Best Places to Find Princeton University Sample Essay

The Best Places to Find Princeton University Sample EssayThere are several places online that can give you Princeton University Sample Essay. This is a great resource to look for. You might be looking for answers on the school you are applying to or maybe even if you need some extra aid to help you get into the school. Either way, this will be helpful in your decision making process.I'm sure you know that when applying for any kind of college there is a lot of paperwork that needs to be filled out. You may even have to write essays to help you with this process. This can be daunting, because you may be unsure of what to write about or how to word things properly.It is not too difficult to find a place online that will give you a Princeton University Sample Essay. It is just a matter of figuring out where you want to look. There are many different places to look but you have to look around.First you will need to search around and see if you can find a website that has a free trial for their membership so you can look at the different places you can send the sample essay. Then you will want to visit several of these websites and see which one fits your needs the best.This way you will know you will receive the free trial if you sign up. It would be helpful if you could contact the various websites so you can talk to them about having their own free trial.You should also see if you can get a review of the website before you sign up for it. This way you can make sure they have everything you need. In many cases they will provide a free email to use if you have any questions or concerns.There are many great places online to find the information you need, but it is still good to do some research on the Internet first. It is only through doing this research that you will be able to find the places you want to do business with.

Planets And Solar System Essays - Astronomy, Planetary Science

Planets And Solar System Planets and Solar System The Planets and the Solar System Planets 2 A planet is a celestial body that revolves around a central star and does not shine by its own light (Grolier, 1992). The only planetary system that is known to man is our solar system. It is made up of nine planets which range in size and make-up. The nine major planets in our solar system are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. There are also many other minor planets which are also in our solar system, but they are unimportant compared to the nine major planets. In this paper I will discuss the planets and how they are each unique. Mercury which is the planet that is closest to the sun is the first planet I will discuss. Mercury is the smallest of the inner planets. It is speculated that the heat from the sun made it impossible for the gases present to become part of the planetary formation. The surface of Mercury is extremely hot. It is approximately 470 degrees celsius on the surface and is thought to be even hotter at the two hot spots. These hot spots are on opposite ends of the equator. It is the heat of the surface that makes it impossible for Mercury to have any type of atmosphere. Mercury orbits the sun once every 88 days and has a true rotation period of 58.6 days. It is the closest planet to the sun and therefore orbits faster than any other planet (Thompson/Turk, 542, 1993). It is said that Mercury rotates three times for every two trips around the sun, so that during Planets 3 every alternate perihelon passage the same face points directly at the sun. Geologically, the most remarkable features of Mercury are compressional cliffs or faults, just the sort of wrinkles that might form in the crust if the interior of the planet shrank slightly (Morrison, 74, 1993). It is speculated that it was the solidification of Mercury's metallic core that caused this global shrinkage. Mercury is also . . . enriched in metal or depleted of rock (Morrison, 74, 1993). It is also believed that some of the inner core of Mercury is still in a fluid state. Scientists also believe that Mercury's surface is made partially of silicate rock. The best way to describe Mercury is, . . . small, heavily cratered and airless (Morrison, 71, 1993). Venus is the second closest planet to the sun and is said to . . . most closely resemble Earth in size, density, and distance from the sun (Thompson/Turk, 542, 1993). Venus is known to most scientists as the sister planet to the Earth. It is called this because it closely resembles the Earth's mass, density and diameter. The only thing different is that Venus is shrouded in thick clouds that completely hide the surface of the planet (Grolier, 1992). The surface temperature is also much warmer than that of Earth. Venus completes one revolution around the sun in 224.7 days. This makes the Venusian day equal to 117 earth days. It is thought that this slow rotation may be the reason why Venus has no magnetic field. Planets 4 The atmosphere of Venus made up of 98% carbon dioxide and 2% Nitrogen. This atmosphere also has the presence of helium, neon and argon. This is yet another thing which makes Venus different from Earth. The surface of Venus is quite a bit like that of the Earth. The surface has volcanoes and smooth plains. Much of the volcanic activity on Venus takes the form of Basaltic eruptions that inundate large ares, much as the mare volcanism flooded the impacted basins on the near side of the moon (Morrison, 93, 1993). One thing that differs from Earth is that there is no water liquid on the Venusian surface. Some of the scientific data that follows was taken out of Cattermole's book. The mean distance from the sun is 108.20 Km. The equatorial diameter is 12,012 Km and the equatorial rotation is 243 days. Finally the mass of Venus is 4.87*10^24 (Cattermole, 63, 1993). Venus, although different than Earth, is still our sister planet. Mars is the fourth furthest away from the sun and is recognized by its reddish color. Mars is also very much like the Earth. More than any other planet in the solar system, Mars has characteristics that make it an Earth-like world (Grolier, 1992). One thing that is very similar to Earth is the rotation period. Mars rotation period is only thirty seven minutes longer than the Earth's. This

Suggestions of past Brandmaps companies Essays

Suggestions of past Brandmaps companies Essays Suggestions of past Brandmaps companies Essay Suggestions of past Brandmaps companies Essay one may want to cut a few costs, with a huge cost saver being reducing the warranty and compatibility, especially if the relative importance of that specific attribute within that specific targeted market is not considered important. In the end, having a conducive product which meets the needs of the consumer is the bottom line when taking all new product decision variables into consideration. Introduction of a new product can be quite costly. A wise firm would initially do some prior research as to what activities are taking place within the particular targeted region, including industry growth and potential and other product formulations by competing firms. A firm would not be wise as to introduce a new product into an already over saturated or weak market. Reformulation bids are another testy item which requires intense scrutiny. Using some applicable aspects of game theory, one must anticipate what the competitors are doing in the particular targeted region, as a high Reformulation may be a complete waste of expense. This is where some calculated risk must be made. Introduction of a new product also experiences other divisional expenses which may add up, including the hiring of a sales force. Careful capacity planning should be done ahead of time so in the best possible scenario, a company will have enough capacity to produce all future ordered. In the worst possible scenario, full capacity will not be utilized and it can be sold to recover some of the capacity adding expenses incurred. Capacity planning is a touchy subject which quite frankly requires accurate long term forecasting in order for it to be cost efficient. At times, with the introduction of a new product, some short term pain must be experienced. Quite often, due to the lack of experience curve savings and presence of substantial smoothing effects, the initial cost of the product may be enormous and profit margins may be slim. Along with reformulation, sales force, initial intensive advertising and promotion expenses, there may stand to be little profit gained during an introduction. Negative profits during introduction are not a rare occurrence and a company should not be afraid to experience this. Do not worry, things will probably get better. There are a few more tips a firm can use in order to have a successful introduction of a new product. Our firm found that initial large expenditures in advertising during the roll-out of the new product is necessary for creating awareness of the product. From our advertising experiments we found that spending more money will always increase awareness of a product. If people like this new product, they will buy it. Increasing incentives for the sales force to work harder on selling the product is another feasible technique, such as increasing sales commission or salary. Dealers can initially be pushed to carry the product by providing temporary rebates. One must remember not to give these rebates for too long of a time or they will lose their effectiveness. A firm newly introducing a product must be brave and not scared to lose a bit of money during the first small stretch of existence and should not compromise their price at the expense of generating increased initial sales as this could be detrimental for long term profit. The last very important factor which should be taken into consideration is whether or not the product should be introduced into one or several markets. Our firms advice is that a company should try to create a product that is perfect for one market but can be accepted within others. We found that one of our newly introduced products was perfect for the Pacific market but also was preferred in the Canada market. As sales in the Pacific area shot up, product costs decreased, which lowered the price of the somewhat less suitable but still well-liked product in Canada, making it preferred. Our advice is that a firm should try not to create a product which partially meets the needs of multiple markets or if a firm does, dont expect it to become a grand success as it may end up flopping in all of your targeted markets. Good luck! Sales Forecast A good sales forecast is very important because it helps avoid stockouts on the one hand and high inventory levels on the other. To find out which sales forecast seems to be reasonable for the next term, you should first take a look at industry sales volume forecasts (#31). This study gives an overview of the past and future sales volume for all market regions. As mentioned in the book the study gives an overview, and therefore the major problem is, that it assumes current marketing activities of all firms in the industry to stay at the same level, or to continue their present course, which most often is not the case. Another problem with this study is, that especially when entering a new market the forecasts are often to optimistic. You should take a look at your marketing program and those of rivals. Furthermore one should also consider that the marketing research study # 31 doesnt account for unfilled orders. Consideration should be given to the population growth and the economic figures of the region. A knowledge of the stage for the product life cycle of your product, or the market, and how accepted the product composition is, are all important points of concern. To get information about your brand sales forecast you can use brand sales volume forecast (#32). You can also make your own calculation by multiplying the industry sales forecast with your market share forecast. In general its better to be a conservative in your forecasts. This is because it is better to gain more profits than forecasted than visa versa.

Comparing Brazilian Culture to American Culture Research Paper

Comparing Brazilian Culture to American Culture - Research Paper Example These segments include ‘Power Distance’, ‘Individualism’, ‘Masculinity’, ‘Uncertainty Avoidance’, ‘Pragmatism’, and ‘Indulgence’ (The Hofstede Center, 2014). The discussion henceforth will give an elaborative account of these cultural segments as observable in the prospective market of the Canadian company, i.e. in Brazil. Power distance exhibits the acceptance of power hierarchy and the inequalities among people residing within a given society. Observably, Brazil scores 69, where Canada scores 39 as per the Hofstede’s model when examining this factor (The Hofstede Center, 2014). This further reveals that where Canada believes in egalitarianism, Brazilian communities believe in power hierarchy and accept the inequality as a part of their culture (Ferguson, 2007). It is thus necessary for the Canadian company to understand the power distance of Brazil and formulate their organizational decision-making structure accordingly. Individualism, another facet of the Hofstede’s cultural model, indicates whether people prefer group oriented lifestyle practices or individualism. Brazil scores 38 in this section according to Hofstede’s model analysis, where Canada scores 80 (The Hofstede Center, 2014). This implies that Brazilian people are group oriented where Canadians are highly individualistic in nature. Certainly, in the business world, group orientation attitude among employees and customers can create the difference of opinions as well as communication gap. Due to the huge difference of nature, it is better for the company to use Polycentrism to connect with the culture of Brazil (Ferguson, 2007). The paradigm of masculinity in the Hofstede’s model replicates whether the cultural backbone of the country is success oriented, achievement-oriented or it is based on the quality of life.  

Addressing Challenges of Groups and Teams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Addressing Challenges of Groups and Teams - Essay Example Groups and teams, in general known as the work groups that tend to ted to subsist inside the framework of a bigger corporation along with sharing the liability for a group or team work and services, that are designed to achieve desired results. Within a lot of corporations in the world today, have groups and teams working for them round the clock expanding the policies, plans along with producing innovative goods, delivering services, in addition to implementing further major errands that control the overall performance of the corporation (Barker,2004,pg78).One of the biggest challenges for any group or team is the new situations that they are faced with each time they begin working. The challenge is to be able to alter the team member's individual attitude in relation to how something ought to work or ought to be. For instance the team members or the group members after a certain while feel that there is a set pattern of how their everyday meetings will be carried on. Although, the team and the group members should come each day with the fact in mind that they might have to deal with a new issue and event or a happening, which might as well change the course of their work. The attitude of how they will be executing these changes and adjustments is how they will be actually working in general. The second most critical challenge is to be able to schedule your work time. Evenly distributing the time of work between the tasks is a great challenge. Usually teams and groups face this challenge as the group or team has several members which might have individual time constraints. Being able to take out appropriate time within the demanding schedules of the several people caught up within the work groups as well as teams is a big challenge. Time ought to be placed aside; regularly through inspired means, to permit individuals to toil together in the direction of recognizing the general objective moreover to put into position those actions as well as frameworks to help accomplish that ambition. Working on developing fresh Skills: alongside with varying an individual's anticipation there is a want to build up innovative skills to toil as a fraction of a group or a team: paying attention, making conversation, inquiring, being tolerant, as well as gaining harmony. These group or team members spend the largest part of their daytime working together as individuals. Exchanging information. Once in a blue moon are they are given the opportunity and the time to decide matters individually, predominantly with reference to sharing information and culture. For that reason, their ability of functioning efficiently inside this kind of a situation is usually frail. The challenge is to facilitate the team and group members to discover these interrelating skills as well as to establish them in accordance to the customs of the teams or the group's responsibilities. The Conflict management is the one of the most critical challenges faced by group and team members there is no doubt in the fact that conflict management inside a group or a team needs to be a fairly formal course. The element of disagreement can be very positive for a group if it is administered suitably. By expressing disparities, the group and the team members can generate quality evaluations along with gratifying interpersonal

A Synopsis Of Operating Systems Computer Science Essay

A Synopsis Of Operating Systems Computer Science Essay Many people use computers without knowing how it works. The main software when using the computer is the operating system. The operating system defines all the experience when using a computer; it manages the hardware and software resources of the computer system, provides a way for applications to deal with the hardware without having to know all the details of the hardware, and it is the software that makes all the programs we use work, and it organizes and controls the hardware on our computers. The operating system is the first software we see when we turn on the computer, and the last software we see when the computer is turned off. Its important to know and understand that not all computers have operating systems. For example the computer that controls the microwave oven in your kitchen doesnt need an operating system, it has only simple tasks to perform, very simple input and output methods (a keypad and an LCD screen). For a computer like this, an operating system would not be needed; it will only add things that are not required. Instead the computer in a microwave oven only runs one program all the time. When using computer systems that are more complex than a microwave oven you need an operating system in order for the computer to work. All desktop computers have operating systems. The most common are the Windows family of operating systems, the UNIX family of operating systems and the Macintosh operating systems, and there are hundreds of other operating systems available for special applications. The operating system plays the role of the good parent, making sure that each application gets the necessary resources while playing nicely with all the other applications, as well as husbanding the limited capacity of the system to the greatest good of all the users and applications. Even if a particular computer is unique, an operating system can ensure that applications continue to run when hardware upgrades and updates occur, because the operating system and not the application is charged with managing the hardware and the distribution of its resources. Windows 98 is a very good example of an operating system because it can accommodate thousands of different printers, disk drives and special peripherals in any possible combination. When dealing with computers you need to know what is the best operating system for the tasks you want to perform. There are four different kinds of operating systems. There is a Single-user single task, Single-user multitasking, Multi-user, and Real-time operating system. Its important to understand the differences between multi-user operating systems and single-user operating systems that support networking. Windows 2000 and Novell Netware can each support hundreds or thousands of networked users, but the operating systems themselves arent designed for multi-user operating systems. The system administrator is the only user for Windows 2000 or Netware. The network support and all of the remote user logins the network are enabled, in the overall plan of the operating system, a program being run by the administrative user. Single-user, single task: This operating system is designed to manage the computer so that one user can effectively do one thing at a time. The Palm OS for Palm handheld computers is a good example of a modern single-user, single-task operating system. Single-user, multi-tasking: This is the type of operating system most people use on their desktop and laptop computers today. Windows 98 and the MacOS are both examples of an operating system that will let a single user have several programs in operation at the same time. For example, its entirely possible for a Windows user to be writing a note in a word processor while downloading a file from the Internet while printing the text of an e-mail message. Multi-user: A multi-user operating system allows many different users to take advantage of the computers resources simultaneously. The operating system must make sure that the requirements of the various users are balanced, and that each of the programs they are using has sufficient and separate resources so that a problem with one user doesnt affect the entire community of users. Unix, VMS, and mainframe operating systems, such as MVS, are examples of multi-user operating systems. Real-time operating system (RTOS): Real-time operating systems are used to control machinery, scientific instruments and industrial systems. An RTOS typically has very little user-interface capability, and no end-user utilities, since the system will be a sealed box when delivered for use. A very important part of an RTOS is managing the resources of the computer so that a particular operation executes in precisely the same amount of time every time it occurs. In a complex machine, having a part move more quickly just because system resources are available may be just as catastrophic as having it not move at all because the system is busy. The operating systems tasks, in the most general sense, fall into six categories: Processor management: The heart of managing the processor is related to two things first ensuring that each process and application receives enough of the processors time to function properly, and using as many processor cycles for real work as is possible. The basic unit of software that the operating system deals with in scheduling the work done by the processor is either a process or a thread, depending on the operating system. Memory management: When an operating system manages the computers memory, there are two broad tasks that have to be accomplished first each process must have enough memory in which to execute, and the second it can neither run into the memory space of another process nor be run into by another process, and the different types of memory in the system must be used properly so that each process can run most effectively. The first task requires the operating system to set up memory boundaries for types of software and for individual applications. Device management: device management is the way the operating system works through a set of instructions Storage management: Storage management is Disk storage and it is one of the memory types that must be managed by the operating system, and is the slowest. Ranked in order of speed, and it is divided into three types of memory in a computer system and they are High-speed cache: This is fast, relatively small amounts of memory that are available to the CPU through the fastest connections. Cache controllers predict which pieces of data the CPU will need next and pull it from main memory into high-speed cache to speed up system performance. Main memory: This is the RAM that you see measured in megabytes when you buy a computer. Secondary memory: This is most often some sort of rotating magnetic storage that keeps applications and data available to be used, and serves as virtual RAM under the control of the operating system. Application interface: Just as drivers provide a way for applications to make use of hardware subsystems without having to know every detail of the hardwares operation, application program interfaces (APIs) let application programmers use functions of the computer and operating system without having to directly keep track of all the details in the CPUs operation. Lets look at the example of creating a hard disk file for holding data to see why this can be important. User interface: Just as the API provides a consistent way for applications to use the resources of the computer system, a user interface (UI) brings structure to the interaction between a user and the computer. In the last decade, almost all development in user interfaces has been in the area of the graphical user interface (GUI), with two models, Apples Macintosh and Microsofts Windows, receiving most of the attention and gaining most of the market share. There are other user interfaces, some graphical and some not, for other operating systems. While there are some who argue that an operating system should do more than these six tasks, and some operating-system vendors do build many more utility programs and auxiliary functions into their operating systems, these six tasks define the core of nearly all operating systems. One question concerning the future of operating systems revolves around the ability of a particular philosophy of software distribution to create an operating system useable by corporations and consumers together. Linux, the operating system created and distributed according to the principles of open source, could have a significant impact on the operating system in general. Most operating systems, drivers and utility programs are written by commercial organizations that distribute executable versions of their software versions that cant be studied or altered. Open source requires the distribution of original source materials that can be studied, altered and built upon, with the results once again freely d istributed. The continuing growth of the Internet and the proliferation of computers that arent standard desktop or laptop machines means that operating systems will change to keep pace, but the core management and interface functions will continue, even as they evolve.